Tools of Epidemiology

yeah happiness here was we going to discuss about the tools of Epidemiology and I hope most of you are well aware of this because this is the most common aspect or question in your final year the three main important tools okay one is a rate the second one is the ratio and the third one is the proportion okay so I hope you remember this so they can simply ask which are the following or tools okay all of the above that is rate ratio and and the proportion okay so next one if we go in detail into the each aspect okay the first important thing is rate the important things that you have to make a note about the rate rate a few times they call it as frequency or rate is simply the measure of occurrence of a disease during a given period of time okay rate is a measure of occurrence of a disease during a given time so there are two important requirements for the rate okay there are two important requirements for the rate the first requirement is the time frame okay the time frame is the first important requirement and the second important requirement is the unit of the population the unit of the population is the second important requirement so in this particular area the other important things that you have to make a note about the rate is numerator the numerator I hope you remember that okay for example if it is 12 by 18 this is a numerator and this is a denominator so when you're talking about a rate okay the numerator is a part of denominator okay the numerator is a part of the denominator and it is multiplied by thousand okay it is multiplied by thousand in most of the cases or it is multiplied by 10,000 or it is multiplied by it is multiplied by one line okay so it is numerator is a part of denominator and it is multiplied by thousand or 10,000 that is about the rate okay so rate you need to have the time frame you need to have the unit of population numerator is not a part of genome numerator is a part of denominator and it is multiplied by thousand or 10,000 okay these are the important things that you have to make a note about the rate so coming to the different types of rate okay so in rate you have to discuss about the types what are the types of rate there are three types of red one is the queued rate the second one is specific rate and the third one is the standardized rate okay so there are three types of rate one is crude rate second one is specific rate third one is standardized rate so you need to learn about the meanings of each and every one the cured rate is the actual observed rate okay the cure rate is the actual observed rate and the examples are the death rate and the birth rate death rate and birth rate examples of cure rate the second one is as the word specific clearly gives an idea that this is a rate which deals with a specific group in a specific time in sp the specific cost or with the specific disease so all specifics comes under the specific rate the third one is has already discussed that is a standardized rate so standardized rate is obtained either by direct or indirect method of standardization for example if you take standardization of phase that is is related standardization or if you take standardization of six the gender of the patient then it is gender related standardization so these examples they comes under the standardization rate okay clear I rate is of three types one is cure rate specific rate and standardized rate I hope you're very clear with this rate so the next important aspect is all as already mentioned the second rule the second tool is the the second tool is ratio okay so I am going to talk about that the second tool the second tool is the ratio we we we remember that the sex ratio there is something called as the sex ratio so in this ratio the ratio is also called as odds it is also called as odds few people call it as odds ratio is is a relation the case a relation or it's a companion something like a comparison which may or may not be time specific in most of situations it is not time specific it is just like the comparison of male and female ratio of male and female is called a sex ratio right so in this particular content the numerator is not a part of denominator it's not a part of the room for example if we're taking the ratio of males to females males are not a part of females that is then it is called as a ratio ratio is a condition where the numerator is not a part of denominator okay it's just a comparison of numbers when two numbers are separated like for example taking the number of males or number of females in two country consideration you you are not going to count the males and females and females in males so it is clear that the numerator is not a part of denominator the numerator is not a part of denominator that is simply a sex ratio okay you can talk about the sex ratio sex ratio is the ratio between the number of females by the number of males so this is the ratio so if you want to talk about any other ratios you can talk about the comparison the the males are not are going to be a part of females and everything okay so this is all about the ratio the second one and the third important aspect is the proportion has already discussed the third important factor is the the proportion so coming to the proportion the definition of the proportion says that it is a fraction of population it is a fraction of population who has a characteristic feature of our interest okay so you are just identifying the amount of the fraction of population in which you are able to identify your particular character for example if you want if you want to identify the people like who has passed in a particular exam so you catching that factor fraction of population which are having this particular characteristic feature okay so here in which the numerator is going to be part of denominator okay because the numerator is a part of denominator part of denominator and when you when you talk about the calculations like in the red we calculated things which are which are like which are multiplied by thousand or ten thousand but in the case of proportion you are going to multiply it by 100 lucky you're going to multiply it by 100 and the best example for the proportion is the you can remember this I I hope you remember this case fatality rate so case fatality rate says that the number of deaths of a particular case by the number of cases so total number of cases are going to contain the death cases also so the numerator is a part of denominator and you are going to multiply it by 100 the numerator is a part of denominator and it's multiplication by hundred and this is going to give si chef okay where the numerator is part of a denominator so these are the three tools of the ratio and if you want one more example of ratio you can add the relay to the relative risk I hope you remember that relative risk which we are going to talk about in the studies right the relative risk is nothing but incidence among the exposure by incidence among the non exposure because exposure non exposure are two different groups so me over it is not going to be part of denominator and this relative risk is a is a ratio okay I hope you're very clear I'm just going to give a quick recap quick glance of things okay the tools of this are rate ratio and proportion so coming to the rate is already discussed rate is a frequency in which you have two important requirements one is time frame and unit of population right so that's all I put that and numerator is a part of denominator and it is multiplied by thousand or ten thousand or one lakh and we have three types of rates crude rate specific rate and standardized rate coming to the ratio ratio is also called as odds okay numerator is not a part of denominator the best examples are sex ratio and relative risk coming to the proportion proportion numerator is a part of denominator okay you're going to identify the fraction of case and the difference is just you're going to multiply it by 100 and the best example is C F okay done for now we'll be coming with a few more important aspects on your group thank you signing off from team MBAs conquer