Temperature regulation

hi everyone this is dr. Mara 3 from Team MDS Konica I think I would have everything is going good so now we'll see the temperature regulation in this video this is the contents of this temperature regulation which includes from the introduction to the references so as all of us know that temperature is very important aspect in in the form of home use to maintain the homeostasis and we always humans and everyone will have a adaptation for varying climatic conditions so there are this the classification of temperature paid may animals I mean based on the temperature animals may be of homeo thermacore apical atomic animals so if you see here there are hetero terms homier terms end or terms and ectotherms ectotherms which rely on heat from the environment whereas home you thumbs keep body temperature constant Hitler thumbs will allow body temperature to fluctuate and endotherms will produce their own heat so these are the examples given for each type of classification so this body temperature can be measured by in many ways it from the different parts like mouth axilla rectum over the skin and ego so this thing flow chart you have to write in the examination that mean whether that can be measured temperature can be measured and this box is very important it will show that temperature I mean the normal body temperature oral rectal axillary ear and core temperature and this is the age and this is range of temperature so this table is important for you then coming to the instrument which are used in this body temperature oral thermometer tympanic forehead basal and pacified thermometer so these are all other types of thermometers which are used for measuring the body temperature coming to the variations of the body temperature anything any physiological activity or anything you know body will have two types of variations whether in a normal variations that is seen in physiological state and the pathological variation that can be seen in the disease state so for this temperature also there are few conditions where you have physiological changes like age sex I mean in the previous table you have seen a different age you'll have the different temperature and sex also and for the male and female you'll have the temperate temperature and based upon the variation I mean even after the meal there will be increase in the temperature so this is the physiological variations we have to mention in the exam and the a few other physiological variations like during exercise sleep emotion and menstrual cycle also there will be physiological variations in the temperature which I will be normal for all the individuals so that physiological part has been done so this pathological part is very important which may be because of hypothermia or hypothermia that means increased the body temperature a decreased body temperature and as Heath I mean like there will be of increased or a decreased body temperature in the pathological state heat should be balanced in our body so this is maybe because of heat gain in their body or heat loss in the ball from the body these two should be maintained so heat gain or products in the body may be because of metabolic activities or any muscular activity or any hormonal activity radiation from the heat she wearing and drawn fat tissue will see these things in the next slides so you can see here I can I think this is very easy to draw also so here you can see evaporation from the body convection from the body and this is mainly because of the muscle contraction and conduction from the ground and the radiation and because of this radiation coming from the Sun so these are the different types of methods which help in heat loss and heat gain from the body and this is a geological thing where this our temperature is maintained by here the hypothalamus where it regulates the pituitary gland then coming to the thyroid gland which produce the thyroxine increased metabolic rate so that because of this hypothalamic temperature you will see in adrenal glands that is increased metabolic rate sweat glands you will see the perspiration or the sweat formation and again it acts on the skin arterioles which leads to constriction or dilation of the blood and these also act on skeletal muscles and you'll produce this will produce the movement of shivering hence this is the physiological method where the skin temperature is maintained and this flowchart is important and easy you can draw in the examination also so you can see here this shivering generates the heat from the skeletal muscle as it contracts involuntarily then coming to the fat and lean persons in fat and lean persons how it will be so large fat droplet will be there whereas many fat droplets will be there so here this gene activators of brown fat we have seen that brown fat helps in the radiation of temperature so these are the gene activators of brown fat it includes PDCA one heme oxygenase one and fibroblast growth factor and also the other things like cold iron that means the insulin stress entire hormone also helped I mean modulate the temperature then coming to the heat loss from the body we have seen all the mechanisms were heat gain now these are the heat loss from the body that is conduction radiation convection evaporation and panting so this is representing the this will represent the convection here conduction from the ground and evaporation from the body and radiation from the other sources conduction means energy is transformed by the direct contact convection means energy is transformed by the mass molecule of the molecules have operation I mean it will part spray it from the skin on the sweat glands I'm coming to the regulation of the body temperature as we have seen long back the flowchart right so this hypothalamus will be of a heat gain center and the heat loss center which can react in the two ways so these are the nuclei of hypothalamus where you can see the prior ventricular nuclear water balance with the stress and this posterior hypothalamic area will help in the shivering and then here this supraoptic nucleus in the water balance and this anterior hypothalamic area is very important because it helps in the body temperature regulation so you can write this you can mention this nucleus of nuclei and anterior hypothalamic area which helps in the mention of body temperature and if you go to this hypothalamus the brain temperature it will cause the central and thermo receptors which are acts as a thermo regulatory center and in periphery you'll have the skin temperature maintained by peripheral thermo receptors and and this again this central thermo receptors will affect the organs like skin arterioles skeletal muscle and sweat glands which leads to the core body temperature remember guys the the thing is you can impress the examiners with your answers by this flow charts or men are few diagrams only don't write in their large paragraph paragraphs and everything mention with this wall and sweet points are within the flow chart or at the diagrams so here you can see this hypothalamic temperature sensitive center but this posterior thigh rama's and anterior hypothalamus it acts as a heat loss in here act as a he's promoting center and because of heat promoting center good aeneas vasoconstriction he will be there get a nice vasodilation increased metabolism will be same no original stimulation you'll see shivering here and we're sweating here then coming to the heat loss center this is because of the preoptic nucleus of anterior hypothalamus he'd gain center is posterior hypothalamic you can mention these nuclei and the centers in your examination if temperature regulation is given and mechanism of temperature regulation can be seen when their body temperature increases or when body temperature decreases so when body temperature increases this blood temperature increases stimulates the thermo receptors which will again bring two back to the normal when body temperature increases you can see here that warmth receptors from the skin will go and act on the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic nuclei which act in the posterior hypothalamus then inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system which finally leads to vasodilation sweating and again this will leads to the normal body temperature and then again in the cyclic race the increased body temperature then wha by the warmth receptors from the skin and deep Whizzer are stimulated so this is a mechanism where you can see when body temperature what happens when a body temperature increases so promotion of heat loss can be by increasing the secret offset and by inhibiting the sympathetic centers in the posterior hypothalamus and promotion of this thing can be cutaneous vasodilation which leads to increased blood flow excessive sweating heat loss increased through sweating and decreased body temperature so we have seen what happens when our body temperature is increased now we'll see what happens when body temperature decreases then it will be like prevention of the heat loss and then promotion of the heat protection can be seen and prevention of the heat loss is through sympatric Center which cause vasoconstriction and which will decrease the blood flow to the skin whereas if you see promotion of the heat production if body temperature is low heat gain Center stimulates primary motor then enormous heat can be produced and you can see here this sympathetic Center activates heat gain centers that is Audrina see Christian can be seen or a tire shop in Hoorn one can be see Christian can be seen which accelerate the cellular activity and increase the release of TSH then there will be release of thyroxine and there will be accelerated the metabolic activity and which increases the temperature so this explains the normal body temperature you can see here this will decrease the body temperature and this increase the body temperature stimulation of the heat gains inter simulation of the heat so if there is an increase in biotic activity or shivering here there will be of no shivering and inhibits the sympathetic activity this entire flow chart describes the previous events which have which we have which we have described or learnt so coming to the applied aspects so if you can take the screenshot of this thing is very important then coming to the applied aspects to applied aspects we can learn that is hypothermia and hypothermia hypothermia is nothing but the fever right Sophie where there will be of three types low-grade fever or a moderate grade fever and a high-grade fever and you can see the temperature ranges here you get in this thing you can see the temperature ranges that is low-grade fever 39 degree Celsius severus moderating fever 39 to 40 degree high grade fever is there 40 degree Celsius to 42 degree Celsius then coming to the pathogens is soft favored may be because of this hypothalamic setpoint is increased then patients feel cold then increase thermogenesis can be seen and there will give rise in body temperature so this flowcharts describe or this film is crap how the I mean like how high per the me irregular regulation of the mechanism then coming to the science and symptoms as we know their head back will be there sweating shivering all these are the signs and symptoms of hypothermia or fever so approach to the patient we have to take the history of the patient physical examination laboratory investigations because there are several reasons for the fever so we can approach the patient like this then treatment will be of use of antipyretics and we have to reduce the oxygen demand and use of cooling blanket is the main basic treatments then one more high one important hypothermia scene that is malignant hyperthermia and this is mainly because of few anesthetic agents also you can see tachycardia and tachypnea in this small in hypothermia so this may be because of mutation in this ryr1 gene you can see here and you can mention this gene in the exam and this mean this can be treated by this recognition of the condition immediate management I mean like hyperventilate the patient 100 percent offseason then the important drug here will be of dantrolene sodium so which is given you can mention in the exam then that is soft regarding hyperthermia then coming to the hypothermia hypothermia is of Bellona 35 degree Celsius so these all of the causes of hyperthermia again the classification of hypothermia based on the temperature will be like this mild hypothermia moderate and severe hypothermia and so these are the this box will give the symptoms of mild moderate and severe hypothermia you can write this intense and treat the hypothermia like this first you have to medical attention as soon as possible then warm room or a shelter then remove any wet clothing is there warm them and place areas affected of frostbite in to warm to touch water then actually this temperature regulation is very important because the nsights which UV use are usually helped in the decrease the body temperature so you can mention the drugs which are use differently the regulation of body temperature so these are the drugs and here you can mention their mechanism of action of all these any sales like nside blocks the Cox inhibitors which will block the prostaglandin tanks it will help in erection of all real numbers so examiner's expect you to mention these mechanism of action of prostaglandins also because we are using this and I say it's in our daily clinical practice so you have you can you have to come this really mention these drugs also is in the applied aspects so at that end you have to mention all the references basic references in the it's worth taken from the physiology textbook or a pathology text of a kind of pharmacology textbook as we will write the drug names okay