Gingiva microscopic features

I'm idea conquerors this is dr. Kalyani from team MDS conquer so today we will be discussing about gingiva as it's part 2 where we'll be seeing it as microscopic features and histology so gingival anatomy has two types are superficial epithelium which with cells like this and in a connective tissue structure so this is microscopic part of the gingiva epithelium is of three types again junctional circular and oral epithelial and connective tissue has its own elements this is a box given in carranza remember hear everything and be given as individually like bits like which of the following is a major type of cell type scene and they will give you options korat no sir it's Langerhans melanocytes Merkel so what you will write us keratinocyte they will ask you the cell type of cells present in the epithelium so these are all the various ways they can give you the questions from this box okay so keratin proteins we have keratin as the keratinization and keratin is the most important part in the epithelium and here if you see generally you come across the keratin protein numbered k-19 k 1 k 9 in egg like whites right and beside that today we have seen that there is a molecular weight written that means if you see these molecular weights so as the number is dis creasing the molecular weight is increasing that means they are inversely related okay as this is less this molecular weight would be more that is how it's a relation between keratin proteins they are non keratin proteins also what are they they are care to linen and in value cream our other two types of non keratin proteins and here you have something called cornea site they can be bits as to so what is a cornea side a cornea site is a differentiated epithelial cell it is composed for example this is the cornea side okay this corner side is composed of lot of these ground substance what is this ground since made up of it is made up of solid green if you see water's filigree filigree has from the carrot ohiolink granules so apart from pelegrin you can also see the are these tono filaments so basically this is corona side made up of villa green and they are lot of this tono filaments this is egg board the cell called corneal sight okay coming to the moving on me so basically this structure how it is what our keratinocytes they are the major type of a cells present in the epithelium now what are these desmosomes these decimals ohms are the ones which connect the carrot - carrot in to see like this this Decimus ohm connects to keratinocytes like this we have a beautiful image in the next slide I will be explaining you okay so let's see just make a note of this point and let's move on to the next slide so come here let's see see how desmosomes are present how Hema desmos impress are present so basically this more zoom and he may dismiss oh he means half of that of a desmosomes I really to remember right okay for example if this is the entire structure of a desmos Oh only this part was the part of a he may dispose on in the very easiest way to tell you okay now Hema does mozo miss half of that I told you right all this is just for you to remember okay and somehow it is related to the structure somewhat desmosomes are connected these are the keratinocytes in the lair though this is the Hemi disk sorry des Muslim connecting itself now you see here they are Hemi desmosomes they are connecting the keratinocytes to that of the external basal lamina so again two concepts external basal lamina internal basal lamina what are this see if you see internal basal lamina given in the color of blue what is it holding cementum and enamel that is it is holding the tooth structure here if you see spin color that means it is holding the connective tissue MATLAB the external basal lamina is towards connective tissue internal basal lamina is towards that of the tooth structure okay so how many bits we are covering him with an image so if you see that external basal lamina is connected to keratinocytes with the help of hemi desmosomes these desmosomes are interconnected to each other with the help of desmosomes so the keratinocytes which are connecting to internal basal lamina also through hemi desmosomes so everything is clear in this image if you see properly okay further there is something called if you see there's a basal membrane these are the basement membrane there is lamina lucida and diamond are denser layers so directly if this layer is laminar lucida you can see that the heavier desmosomes are attached to her lamina lucida layer of the basement membrane hope it is clear okay so let's see okay now what is it is we have various strata or layers in a epithelium in this there all the various cells are there and various cell organelles are there so for example these are our various cells so we have this mitochondria which is the powerhouse of the cell okay the art they want to present and they want themselves to be more in the deeper strata okay and when so they are all the mitochondria and they come up they are only hardly one two like that okay so because the mitochondria are more what is mitochondria it is the powerhouse of cell so our mitochondria the hero is more present in the lower layers that means lower layers are very active and ready to participate in all the kind of reactions so we have lot of this aerobic glycolysis actively oxygen related like Hollis's seen in the lower layers hence the energy production and more active are the supra basil and supra basal layers ok so upper layers less mitochondria but they have to perform something something right so they upon they perform the Pinto shunt which is an alternative of pathway of glycolysis you might have studied all this in your biochemistry so with this ultimately all of this can produce the keratinization of the proteins a keratinization process so once the keratinization process happens through the cells called karat no zooms okay they are also called as odd land bodies which are what are they they're modified lysosomes the enzyme called acid phosphatase is important here and it is c2 seen mostly in these organelles okay coming to Medellin melanin is important and its production is important so basically this is tyrosine ok this tired Wilson to dopa tyrosine is converted to dopa that is dihydroxy phenylalanine through the enzyme called as ty Rosen is the enzyme tyrosinase converts I was into dopa and because of this further this is converted to melanin and you see these melanin pigmentation okay and we have different layers again based on the arrangement like this I will show you you can see there is junctional epithelium southla reptilian oral epithelium coming to the cells okay the cells most important the hero cell is keratinocytes other cells are this one so our two important mantras to remember are proliferation and differentiation our cell has to proliferate that means it should produce lots of number of other cells so other cells are produced then they have to differentiate that means you should get one particular type of a cell say if you want to get one kirat know either it has to be a keratinocyte or it has to be a melon or four or a Langerhans cell whichever it is it has to differentiate right so that's what the process of proliferation happens through mitosis and I told you my talk on hero is present in the lower cells that means the cell action will be more in the lower so it you can see it more in the basal layer differentiation after they differentiate you see there are three layers I am explaining you the terms very clear further will be application of this thing so when they come I will be flipping my slide soon you just have to make note of all the points ortho keratinized okay it means it is a fully keratinized epithelium a beautiful keratinized epithelium which have a stratum corneum which have a granule Oh some proper grand Lausanne layer you see there are no nuclei here okay it is a well keratinized tissue and if you see this ok next if you go they are para keratinized that means it is an intermediate keratinized tissue here you will see some pic nautic nuclei ok little little not like that and you see they are granules okay dispersed granules are seen but when you come to non-keratinized here you will have no granules here but you will see a proper viable nucleus that means you understand it as ortho keratinized para que recognized and non-keratinized is like a sequence of characterization okay you also have non correct no sites where you have melanocytes and melon o in melanosomes okay so these is an image showing you melanocytes these are the other kind of cells where all of them are presented they are functions okay Langerhans cells make a node Langerhans cells can be asked as bits so Langerhans cells located among the keratinocytes ad Supra basal layers okay so basically based on the function of the cell they are present in various layers okay for examples use if you see kirat know site they are present towards the epithelium okay if you see Langerhans cells there intermittently present in between that of the epithelial cells melanocytes melanin production so if you see the cell based on you have to use your common sense if they I will ask you which cell is present in which layer you have to think okay if it is a carrot it might be present in a superficial layer so I'm are accordingly mark the answer it is simple if you understand the concept okay so if you see this is the Langerhans cell and these are the bits regarding this is a star characteristic shape of the Langerhans cell and these are the barbecuin granules which are present in the Langerhans cell they have an important role in the antigen presentations okay coming to melanocytes they are they produce melanin and they are present in stratum basale and stratum spiral some layers as you can see okay and they're Merkel cells which have some sensory no fibers that is how they have been tactile perceptions and then they come into the microscopic features second part that is that of the epithelium okay here epithelial I told you are off outer animal epithelium sorry or outer epithelium then you see sulphur epithelium and junctional epithelium so our outer epithelium is present in the outer layer having all the four layers our stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum and stratum basale and below it is connective tissue okay if you see this is how the stratum stratum granule that is outer enamel epithelium is present okay here the keratinization is more so if you see in the next slide further these are all the keratin proteins you can see the differences okay I told you though how ortho keratinized Baraka Ratna is non-keratinized are what are the differences between them you can appreciate in this light make a note of this light yeah so I wanted to tell you this is keratinized and this is non-keratinized and how they are differentiated if you see this carotene granules and is this keratinized layer they are all seen in the superficial layers when compared to non keratinous you don't see any of them okay coming to sulk Loretta thulium other type okay here it is thin and this is non-keratinized that means you have no character no set it look like this one Sal Clara petty Liam will look like this oral epithelium will look like this clear it extends from the coronal limited okay I will show you the expansions in my further slides enzymes these two enzymes are star enzymes please remember and make a note of this thing coming to junctional epithelium okay so this part here this is the oral epithelium along the sulcus you see this'll clear epithelium at the junction it is junctional epithelium okay here they have described how the junction epithelium is there what are the different types and the range so junction epithelium is very important as you can see see here is the junction of epithelium okay it has some keratin proteins like this make a note of this lysosome sort out all the kind of lysosome like bodies are present but karate knows ohms are absent okay now again the junctional epithelium has three parts so basically oral epithelium sulker epithelium junction epithelium is present right again in junction epithelium if you see there is a pie calzone middle zone and coronal zone so this is a coronal part of it is having great their permeability coming to the middle part it has a adhesive property okay apical zone have germinated property so from here lot of cells are produced and they keep going to the eggs outer layer so every zone has its own property again this is a replication of that image I told you this is discussed to surface how it is connected color to tissue okay make a note so this is how the decimals woman keratinocytes structure is so what is dental general unit it is the union of junction of epithelium and the gingival fibers so this is the importance of Junction depth ileum it's a very dynamic structure it has a beautiful turnover that is the reason why where is any injury to the epithelium junctional epithelium has the best turnover and keeps forming cells it also have a host defense it is active against the bacteria so these are all the good points about it come let's come to the connective tissue come at connective tissues also called as lamina propria it has papillary and reticular part papillary means the papillary part like this reticular means my finger net like appearance so coming to connective tissue you also have cells and fibers okay so fibers are what are they dental gingival a your gingival that means they attach the dent mclubbe tooth to gingiva alveolar gingival born to gingiva circular fibers then the periosteum fibers again tooth to the periosteum transept l from one septa to other of the tooth okay this one image where all the I tried try to combine all the various fibers in one location if you see how they attach see from that of the bone our tooth to the bone then again CDE please have a look out of all these fibers yes here are the secondary or the minor collagen fibers where they are very austere gingival inter papillary trans gingival into circular into fringe Evelyn semicircular fibers so coming to the ground substance it is mainly made up of water proteoglycans and glycoproteins what are the different type of proteoglycans it has hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate and glycoproteins are fibronectin laminin other fibers non-core largeness can be okay apart from collagen the reticular oxy Talon and elastic fibers I told you already that the fibroblasts are important cells which produce the collagen fibers for these are the structures of fibroblasts they are the other type of inflammatory cells which are present like plasma cell lymphocytes PM ends and in these are the inflammatory cells okay so thank you so much for your page