DENTAL HISTOLOGY QUICK REVISION BY DR SHREE II NEET MDS 2025 INICET NOV WE ARE WITH YOU

okay so CH let's start so first of all considering this as a revision session the first thing I just want to add a note is the mandatory checklist for your dental histology is definitely I recommend yes I recommend Dental pulse synopsis or even your power play books synopsis is very nice okay so I want you to keep that as a primary checklist so whatever you learn from this quick revision or whatever the smart videos that are available you can consider them as an add-ons wherever you feel like the concepts are missing you can add on directly into the dental pul synopsis and the previous Pro live class already available I told you to finish it off finish it off and try to do as many mcqs as possible but once you come to the last reading means maybe like for example uh people planning to prepare okay so in the last 10 days few of them they plan 10 days revision means 10 days before exam they try to revise all the subjects few of them they plan 2 weeks revision either it is 10 days or 14 days basing upon your convenience okay because you should not compromise in the revision in the last so in this 10 days or 14 days whatever you're going to plan in the last 10 days or last 14 days basing upon the convenience okay your dental hystology and dental Anatomy both Dental histology as well as Dental Anatomy the revision should not be more than 3 to 4 hours each okay means your stuff should be organized properly okay that is your dental P synopsis or PP book synopsis plus add-ons is the only thing that you are going to revise right clear right so I have given a plan like how to revise Dental Anatomy Dental histology in the last 10 days plan or in the last 14 days plan you should allocate 3 to 4 hours only totally it should be 8 hours you should finish both of these revisions in 8 hours in one day okay means for example you're reading 12 hours so 8 hours you need to finish these two subjects and you need to start a next subject then only you can have a proper beautiful preparation in the last 10 to 14 days clear guys clear about this revision Plan before you go to exam okay so cello uh without wasting any time uh it is probably uh a oneway a oneway class quick revision W and here and there I'll be asking questions integratedly and I want you to answer quickly on the chat box shall we start without wasting any time so first and foremost thing is formation of dental lay so normally okay your oral cavity and your for gut will be like this and this oral cavity for gut will be separated by a meman called as Buck of arel membran at 27th week at 27th day at 27th day what is going to happen this Buck of arel membran is going to rupture so there there is a communication that is formed between the forut and your oral cavity so forut and oral cavity are communicated by the breakdown of buck ofel membran at 27th day so this is very very important 27th day then the next important thing okay the proliferation of your oral Ecto due to the neural crust cells is going to occur at sixth week sixth week is again a very very frequently Asked question so this resulting in formation of a band called as primary epithelial band which is going to split it into two parts one is Dental Lam where most of your dental structures are going to form and second one is vestibular Lam so vestibular Lam is going to give rise to oral vegetable whereas your dental Lam is going to give rise to all your teeth okay both primary as well as the permanent teeth Sometimes some areas of your dental Lam will get degenerated so those are called as remnants of your dental Lam degenerated they are called as cell rests of Reeses which in future can give rise to formation of f cysts that we'll be discussing in oral path and oral medicine clear right so most important points are 27 the rupture of buak of arel membran occurs at 27th day a very frequently Asked question then the proliferation of your oral ectom due to the neural crust cells occurs at sixth week okay so Dental lamula gives rise to dental structures and vestibular gives rise to oral veget and one important aspect about the tooth development is okay so which structure in teeth is formed from Ecto only Ecto what is ectom which is found from ectom only yes it is anamel they can ask you anamil is formed from Ecto okay or mol blast which is the one mol blast is going to form from ectom mol blastoma is going to form from ectom so all of these are formed basically from ectom so these are generated only once in once in the entire life okay so once in entire life they cannot be regenerated again and again so for example if they're asking a question tooth is formed from anamal is formed from Ecto tooth is formed from so what is your answer tooth is formed from tooth is formed from Ecto tooth is found from Ecto anamel is found from Ecto okay then comes the stages so most of you are familiar regarding the stages okay what are the stages sequence of stages they can ask you bud stas cap St Bell Stace which is divided into early Bell and advanced Bel St so they next question frequently Asked is layers in each Stace okay particularly for example like cap St layers the cap St has three layers layer one is outer anamal epithelium Layer Two is St reticulum Layer Three is inner anamel epithelium next one early BST early BST is going to have four layers outer anamal epithelium stellate reticulum stratum intermedium and inner anamal epithelium Advanced Bel St is going to have five layers outer anamal epithelium stellate reticulum formation of future Ding and Statum intermedium and inner Anum okay so they can ask you the layers arrange the layers in the sequence or they going to ask you arrange the stages in the sequence coming to butd St butd St still and their shape they going to ask you so for example butd St the peripheral cells are low cumar cells whereas the central part okay the central part is going to have the polygonal cells coming to Outer Anam epithelium is basically low cubal cells whereas still reticulum they are star- shaped cells stellate reticulum is going to have star shaped cells so normally during the initial phase s reticulum is going to have polygonal cells okay due to osmotic difference okay because of the movement of the fluid this polygonal cells in future they modify into star-shaped cells because of star shaped they are called as state reticulum okay what type of cells are seen in the case of stellate reticulum star- shaped cells or they can ask you question during the initial formation what type of cells there are seen in the case of St reticulum polygonal cells polygonal cells will be differentiated due to osmotic pressure variation into star shaped cells okay again low cual cells in the outer Anam epithelium okay star shaped cells in the case of Statum reticulum and squamous shape of cells in the case of intermediate same as right clear I hope you are clear till this point so regularly asked which enzyme which enzyme is increasing in Statum reticulum and Statum intermedium anyone which enzymes which enzyme is increasing Statum reticulum Statum intermedium yes right yes right you guys alkaline phosph okay very frequently Asked question Statum reticulum Statum medium they are what enzyme is increased alkaline phosphates alkaline phosphates is basically associated with formation okay many formation cells like osteoblasts condr blasts Osteo sites and all the these are formation cells where your alkaline phosphates will be increased okay resorption cells which enzyme will be increased in resorption cells which M will be increased so in resorption forms yes right perfectly right in resorption forms like clasts osto class VTO class acidic phosphor will be increase means they are active at acidic pH they are active at acidic pH can anyone tell me what is the pH at most of your uh Osteo class will get activated pH at most of your OST definitely it is an AIC pH okay preferably a pH of less than any value less than four okay so in in textbook it was given as 2.5 to3 around 2.5 to3 most of your okay Osteo class are going to get activated okay next uh I want to focus on the next important areas so the events which takes place in each type of stage they can very frequently ask one important thing is dental papill dental papill formation can occur okay can you tell me what is Dental pap gives rise to structures Dental papill is DP Dental papill gives rise to D for Dentin very good P for pulp so Dental papill gives rise to Dentin and Pulp okay next one is Dental follicle Dental follicle Dental follicle means for example you consider this as a teeth follicle is something which is surrounding the teeth okay so Dental follicle it gives rise to all the structur surrounding the teeth what are the structures surrounding the teeth yes right very good cementum PDL albone so Dental follicle gives rise to structure surrounding the teeth that is your cementum pedal and alular Bone and dental papilla gives raise to DP that is Dental pulp so Dentin and Pulp okay next one I hope you are familiar with these terms that is enamel uh anamel KN anamel cord anamel SEPTA anamel navel and all these things so these structures are formed in which stage these structures are formed in which stas okay all are related to anamel right means you can consider them as anamel complex easy to remember no need to confess anamel complex what is this anamel complex all structures of anamel together form a complex okay right what are this not Cod SEPTA navel all are together form complex so which stays complex C for c cap St anamel complex all these structures are formed complex C for c cap St now early Bel St what happens in early Bel St I want to add one important Point here already discussed which enzyme is more in the case of your Statum intermedium already discussed that is your alkaline phosph is repeated so many times similarly okay so your Statum intermedium which is very rich in glyos okay that is very helpful in the formation of anamel okay very very important please do make a note of this okay which layer which layer in La Bell St is very very rich in glyos that helps in anamal formation what is a layer yes that is your Statum Statum intermedium very good okay next what happens your Cate reticulum okay reduces the distance means Cate reticulum which is present okay so what is going to happen the stellate reticulum is going to collapse and it is going to reduce the distance between the inner anamal epithelium and to the capillaries of outer anamal epithelium okay so inner anamal epithelium is there so St reticulum damages and it decreases the distance between the outer anamal epithelium and inner anamal epithelium outer anamal epithelium is lay down into folds in between of which of the mean of your dental Sac condenses to form papill which is rich in capillaries and which is the main suppl of your nutrients blood supply is required blood supply is going to form nutrients okay now the next question is okay H RS what is h RS yes HCS is basically going to contain outer anamal epithelium it's going to contain two layers outer anamal epithelium inner Anam where is this HS formed which location it is formed okay the HS is basically formed at cervical portion so clearly given right here the HS is formed at cervical portion okay they consider it as cvic IAL Loop HS is at cervical Loop what are the two layers in HS what are the two layers in HS the two layers in the HS are outer anamal epithelium okay and the second one is inner anamal epithelium HS is going to have two layers one is outer anamel epithelium and second one is inner anamel epithelium okay clear guys just a second please don't write on my screen because this is a recorded version and it looks very very odd and irritating for others okay please please don't touch my screen please please kind request please okay CH so I'm jumping what is the use of HS what is the use of this HS HS will determine you the position of root number of roots and everything it is basically inclined to Roots okay so Dental Pap gives R to structure DP Dental Pap gives rise to Dentin and Pulp Dental follicle gives rise to surrounding all surrounding PDL alular bone okay cementum are surrounding so Dental follicle gives rise to that okay right okay right so the next important area is uh the next important area is okay the composition okay the composition of Anam and Dentin basing upon the so check out whether they're asking by weight or whether they're asking by volume okay so by weight or by volume so what is going to happen okay right so this is very very important so normally it is 96 or 97 by weight for example if they're asking by volume the percentage of inorganic content is 92 percentage so highest inorganic content is present in the enamel okay and uh question which is previously repeated in the examination is percentage of water in Dentin by weight percentage of water in Dentin by weight is 10 percentage and percentage of water by volume in dtin is 22% so I want you to remember water percentage okay what is this anamel and Dentin the answer is 16 1022 right so it is by weight Water by volume water in the an by weight water in the dented by by volume water in the anal clear right guys clear okay so can anyone tell me integrated question how much amount of loss of water will be there in Dentin after root canal therapy how much amount of water is lost in the Dentin after root canal therapy loss of water in Dentin after rctd how much yes very good answer is 9% is previously repeated in the examinations okay right so so according to this which is having more water Dentin or enamel yes right so Dentin is having more water so that is the reason why bonding to Dentin is difficult okay so what came into existence for a good bonding of Dentin so we regularly using d bonding agents so what are the bonds which are present in the Dentin bonding agents so Dentin bonding agents are having two bonds right one is hydrophilic bonding and second side they are hydrophobic bonding right Hydro philic bonding and hydrophobic Hydro phobic Bond bonds to which structure Dentin is having water so one side is going to bond to the Dentin so hydrophilic is going to bond to the Dentin hydrophobic is going to bond to the resin or composite your Dent DM concept clear okay chello I'm moving to the next one right so one very important aspect that I want to stress about your anamel is anamel is the only structure in the human body which is already calcified before the process of calcification start okay so they can ask you how much amount of anamel is calcified initially without maturation okay without maturation how much amount of anamel is calcified 30% is okay 29 to 30% is basing upon the references sometimes it may be 29 29 to 30% is is the amount of calcification that is seen in the initial calcification of the anamal okay right so after maturation okay completely calcified whereas in the Dentin it is uncalcified Matrix will be there cementum will be uncalcified Matrix will be there okay the next one is uh you know anamel anamel is going to have hydro accepted crystals so the crystals which are present in the anamel are 50 to 500 times it varies reference right it may be orbons it is number may be different but basically the main important thing I want you to make a notice it is larger in size when compared to the crystals which are present in the Dentin so when compared the crystals of the Dentin anamel crystals are larger in size and very very unique point about the bone hydroxy crystals are lengthwise lengthwise bone hydroxy crystals are lengthwise they are more okay whenever your anamel is treated with fluoride okay water going to form flate and floh hydroxate will be formed this floh hydroxate are larger crystals when compared to normal hydroxate so what hydroxy is present in the enamel whenever you treat with fluoride they form florah hydroxyde these Crystal size are larger in size okay we have discussed this concept in operative Dentistry okay when I'm talking about the mechanism of mineralization or mechanism of maturation okay it is almost same in all heart structures of teeth that is enamel Dentin it same and it is almost same in the case of your ab that is Al bone also clear right okay the most important thing we have already discussed is anamel is ectoderm anamel has hydroxy crystals they are hexagonal in shape they are long they are irregular hexagonal okay the only one structure in the teeth which does not have Collin what is the structure in the teeth which does not have collagin is anamel anamel does not have collagin anamel does not have nerves anamel does not have blood vessels so blood vessels are absent Colin is absent and nerves are absent so all these all these are absent in an so all the structures are absent in the enamel right clear guys clear till this point okay CH so most of you are familiar regarding this okay so the modulus of velocity modulus of elocity is highper anamel or Dentin modulus of elocity is hper anamel or Dentin DM question so modulus of velocity is hyper enaml and am on the enamel which layer is having the highest modulus of velocity yes these are the lines the surface at the surface the modulus of velocity is higher at the surface the modulus of elocity is higher okay so can you tell me what is the specific gravity value of enamel so what is the specific gravity value of the enamel the specific gravity value of the enamel is 2.8 Denon anyone Denon what is the specific gravity value yes perfectly right Denon has specific gravity value 2.2 saliva anyone can tell me the specific gravity value of saliva very good 1.8 nitrous oxide specific gravity of nitrous oxide yes perfect 1.53 now I'll be asking one questions specific gravity of gold anyone anyone can tell specific gravity of gold no one specific gravity of gold is 19 Mercury Mercury anyone yes it is clearly given maurity is 14 times denser than water okay it's around like 13 to 14 okay right DM part okay right so the next important aspect I want to stress on is the value okay that is temporary temp resistance value of your anamel that is 5 to 13 hexs and electrical resistance value is 10^ of 5 to 10^ 15 ohms clear guys and Anam is semi- permeable okay Anam is semi- perable partially or completely permitting two important substances that is 14 carbon labeled UA and iodin 14 carbon labeled 14 carbon labeled Uria and iodin and peroxides okay very frequently Asked question anamel is permeable to peroxides Anam is per to peroxides can you tell me one more layer that we have discussed in the histology that is your pero part which is semi perable one more layer in pero which is semi perable what is that layer one more layer yes same easy to remember right semi perable circular epithelium right circular epithelium circular epithelium is semi permeable right clear done I'm moving to the next part yes guys you are familiar coming to the composition we have already discussed inorganic content is largest by weight that is around 96 to 97 percentage and the rest of the substances are organic substances and water which occupies 4 percentage coming to your organic content organic content has some unique unique proteins okay some unique proteins what are those proteins called as amelogenins and non- amelogenins amelogenins are low molecular weight proteins which occupy 90% of anamal proteins they are basically hydrophobic okay they are basically hydrophobic and they are rich in okay they're rich in hpgl Ammon acids they're rich in hpgl Ammon acids recently only we have done biochemistry right we have done what is what are essential Ammon acids what are non-essential Ammon acids what are semiessential am same Ammon acids hpgl is related to amelogenins which are hydrophobic and they occupies 90 percentage okay the next goes swu please don't do anything on my screen please okay next one non amelogenins non amelogenins which are going to occupy 10 percentage okay so what are the proteins that are present in non am they are ETA they are ETA okay so when coming to the ammonia acids what are the Ammon acids which are rich here G so tell me what is the code for ammonia acids which are rich in amelogenins what is the code for amelogenins amelogenins is hpg and remember it's HP gas Limited both are gas amalog is name hpg HP gas hpgl gas limited okay within the two hours of duration okay right okay then comes okay amelogenin hydrophobic 90% is low molecular weight hpgl nenin High molecular weight okay occupies 10 perent is and the code is G okay and you know this hydroxy Ed formula very frequently Asked C10 P4 to^ of 6 and o4 to^ of 2 and it is regularly irregular hexagonal in shape okay right clear okay the next comes okay uh underline points are very very important during the formation magnesium is going to replace the calcium and carbonate is going to replace this hydroxy ions because of this replacement okay there will be destabilization the poor fit of these ions so what happens finally does the core of the crystals okay the core okay you know hexagonal right does the core of the crystals means the center part of the crystals is rich in magnesium and carbonate okay the central part is rich in magnesium and carbonate okay and that is the reason why there is a greater solubility of acids in the center part than the per periphery okay so central part is rich in magnesium and carbonate so that is the reason why it is more dissolved when compared to the periphery part of your hexagonal crystalline structure okay then the dry weight the dry weight the most predominant uh uh the most predominant molecule that is present is carbon dioxide that is 34.4% is you'll be having carbon dioxide and you'll be having 36.6% is of calcium and 17.7% is of phosphorus which MO is more okay molecule which is more is oxygen next comes to the formation okay during the formation basically it is acidic okay and then it moves to neutral and then it moves to basic so it is acidic neutral and finally it is the basic the basic Are alkaline this is how the pH is that is going to change during the anamel formation and we know that the pH is going to be controlled by a agent called as buffering capacity so the buffering capacity during the pH regulation is maintained by Carbonic and hydras and which types of Carbonic and hydr very important that is ca2 and ca6 Carbonic and hydr 2 and Carbonic and hydras six are main Regulators of pH during the formation of an anal okay okay clear clear guys so most of the things you are familiar enamel rods are anamel prisms they are lowest that is 5 million in the case of your lower lateral and they are highest in the case of your upper first molar okay so pulple pulp pulple volume or pulpal size is highest for which teeth the volume of Pulp normally the total volume of Pulp is 0.38 CC pulpal volume is highest for which teeth someone is telling canine canine no not canine it is maxillary F same is having the highest pulple space root surface area root surface area also called as peral area antisa fpd selection of abutment is highest for which teeth root surface area also called as Perler yes right the question is again the same for all these like highest number of enamel rods highest number of Pulp pulple space root surface area or peral area is maximum for for all these questions the answer is upper first molar okay so which teeth is very close to maxillary sinus which teeth is very close to maxillary sinus which teeth is very close to maxillary sinus yes the answer is same maxillary first molar okay one more twist in the question during development which teeth is very close to maxillary sinus during development which teeth is very close yes during development if they're asking your answer should be mag maxillary Canon will be close to maxillary sinus but in a normal individual which teeth will be close to maxillary sinus is maxillary first M can you tell me maxillary antrum dip is present between which teeth maxillary antrum dip maxillary Anum dip is present between which teeth maxillary Anum dip yes very good kti very good it is between the second premolar and first m very good right very good CH I'm moving ahead and you guys know that these anamel rats are oblic in Direction they have a wavy course okay and that is the reason why they are greater than the thickness of the anamel anamel thickness is highest at anamal thickness is highest at yes anamal thickness is highest at cusps okay so what is the shape of your dentinal tubu these are obl dentinal tubules yes dentinal tubules are s shaped dentinal tubules are s shaped very good okay then coming to the structure the diameter of the rod is four micrometers it is hexagonal irregular fish shaped fish shaped is recent I question the same diagram was given you can you can see fish scales okay they are appearing like a fish scales uh the diameter of the rods increases from dentino anamel Junction towards the enamel that will be the ratio of 1 is to two and sub microscopic structures Keyhole or paddle shaped prisms okay so we have already discussed the diameter is the breadth is five length is 9 okay so it's very simple like 9 is equal to 5 + 4 okay 9 is equal to 5 so we also made it as diameter is four breadth is five length is 9 easy right 5 + 4 9 so 5 4 9 are the values that you have to make out regarding this enamel rods direction of enamel rods is important very frequently Asked question the direction of enamel rods in decious teeth okay in almost all the areas they are same but in the case of cervical 1/3 they are different in the case of permanent teeth they are epically directed in the case of cervical teeth they are occlusally directed striations anamel rods built up segments separated by a dark lines that gives tried appearance the uniform length of four microns is see Grand anel you familiar right they can ask you diagram based question also grand anamals are most commonly seen over the cusps of the teeth okay at which the anamel rods appears to be twisted around each other okay this makes enamel very strong at those areas and that is that is the one which is going to give resistance to the facture of the anamel okay so anamel is going to have do we consider anamel as Britt is anel brittle or not whatever yes Anam is brittle along with anamel okay anamel is brittle okay right very important there is a small correction regarding this in your PP book synopsis D for D okay dark Jones diones okay okay light Jones or paron easy to remember dark part what is the angle between these two what is the angle between these two the angle between the diones and parazon what is the angle yes the angle between these two is 40° so okay chill I'm moving I'm moving ahead incremental lines of radies okay so they are going to be brownish bands and successive opposition of the layers of the anamel that is found from the DJ to the surface deviating towards theal surface whereas in the case of transfer session you are going to see it as a concentric circles so what is Neal lines where do you see Neal lines Neal lines are regularly seen in the case of residuous teeth and the first permanent Ms so neonatal lines are basically like they are going to give an information about the metabolic supply for us during inside the mother and outside the mother outside the mother environment will be different so those lines will be different inside the mother en ironment will be different okay those lines will be different so neetal line is the one which is demarketing showing the differences between the enironment inside enironment outside which is normally the patterning of these rods clear okay the next comes is structureless enamel or prismless enamel the thickness is about 70 muum thickness it is most commonly seen in the case of 70 percentage of permanent teeth and all decious it's most commonly seen in the cervical area Okay so this is called as a prismic enamel anything about a prismic anamel any clinical consideration about a prismic enamel that we have discussed during pedo or that we have discussed during operative part so according to the new Concepts the itching time yes p is right so itching time is basically nowadays according to the recent modifications the itching time of primary teeth is equal to that of the permanent teeth but in World Concepts you have few questions like itching time of primary teeth is more than old concept what is that old concept primary teeth itching time is more than the permanent teeth why what is the reason the primary teaching time is more than the permanent reason is presence of a prismic enamel which is more in the primary when compared to that of the permanent but now the latest concept so what is the latest concept of itching time the latest concept of itching time is clearly telling that the itching time of the primary teeth is equal to eaching time of the permanent teeth clear clear guys okay very good so perima are wavy like GRS okay believe to be the external manifestations of Rees so very frequently so many times repeated in the exam external manifestations of stations of reti rges is called as perim so at CG it is 30 per millim at incisal or occlusal area it decreases okay decreases it is 10 per mm okay then comes the cuticle okay so anamel cuticle is called as primary anamel cuticle or NEX Smith membrane okay very so many times given in the exam it has a vavy course it is secreted from the Amo blast when the anamel formation is completed means ameloblast are going to form the anamel in the last minute they secrete a layer that layer is called as primary anamel cuticle why they secrete this they want to protect the ANL so M blast is going to secrete an AML and finally they form a layer that is called as primary anamel cuticle which is going to protect the entire anamel that is the last job done by amast okay so ameloblast is origined from which which germ layer yes Ecto so pelic so we have a similar pellicle right in operative Dentistry also pelic material Alba and followed by plaque plaque get calcified to form calus okay so in an erupted teeth okay so picle will be there which is basically the precipitation of salivary protein salivary proteins they form a protective layer called as pelic on a recently erupted anamel okay Anam Lam so what are this Anam Lam Anam Lam are thin Leaf like L for l l for L Leaf like what are ribbon shaped structures what are ribbon shaped structures in an AML ribbon like structures if they ask what is your answer ribbon like structures are tfts Leaf like structures Leaf like structures Leaf like structures are lless okay so what is this Leaf like structures that extend from anamel surface and they move this is anamel surface and they are moving towards dentino anamel Junction they're moving down so these are called as thin Leaf like structures that are extending from enamel surface and moving towards the Dentin anamel Junction so these are called as enam l so they bear basically a b and c which are most common God is so great H which are most common yes most common are c c c for common which are most common the most common are C they are basically filled with Organic material from the saliva and they are most commonly seen in the case of erupted teeth you can remember it as completely eruption c c for complete C for common completely erupted organic material from saliva completely erupted and reach into the Dentin means complete right completely they reach the Dentin okay so these are these are the most commonly asked questions area the next one is B for degenerated cells degenerated cells are seen in the unerupted teeth okay the also reach into the Dentin but they are less common next one a a is poor poorly calcified anomal rods uned teeth but these are restricted to the enam only less common okay which is most common type which is most common type yes most common type are C type which is which is the only type which is seen in the case of erupted teeth completely erupted most commonly seen in the completely yes right which is formed from the organic matter from the saliva or organic matter from the saliva yes perfectly right that is C type degenerated cells are seen in degenerated cells are seen in B type which is the only one that is restricted to enamel only one that is restricted to anamel and poor calcified is a type which structures are Leaf like Leaf like structur sir Leaf like structur sir L for l like Lam okay then our ribbon like fer came who is the ribbon ribbon ribbon is tree you can remember it as tree Tufts so anamel Tufts okay diagram based question was previously given now this fellow comes from opposite direction Aras from dentino anamel Junction and is trying to reach the anamel previously it is Aras from anamel and trying to reach the dentino Animal Junction this fellow Aris from D Animal Junction and trying to reach the outer surface okay right so these are narrow ribbon like narrow ribbon like structures and these are hypocalcified enamel rods okay they contains hypocalcified enamel rods and they contain inter prismic substances they contain inter prismic substances if you want you can make a note of this value that is straight away from the textbook okay right the next one is odonto blast processes and anamel spindles so entol blastic processes passes through passes across the DHA and they enter into anamel they appear dark in the transmitted light and they are most commonly seen in the case of your cpel tips next The Junction okay you can see the junction The Junction is scalloped okay so it is scalloped and the convexities of these scallops are directed towards the Dentin D for D directed towards the Dentin Dentin anamel Junction concave convexities are directing towards the den very simple okay right okay then comes the epithelial Anam organ the epithelial Anam organ is originated from the stratified epithelium of the Primitive oral cavity and it is going to contain outer anamal epithelium State reticulum stellate intermedium and inner Anum the inner Anum is called as am blastic layer this we have already discussed during our stages okay now we have already done okay so outter Anum is what shape previously done out is cual shaped can you tell me during the initial phases your still reticulum is what shaped dur during your initial phases your state reticulum is what shaped yes during your initial phases our state reticulum is polygonal shape but after osmotic difference it become star shape normally if they're asking Sate reticulum shape star shape okay Statum intermedium also we have discussed Statum intermedium is basically flat to cuel shape inner Anam epithelium is cinar shape outer Anam epithelium very frequently Asked question outer Anam epithelium cells are cuboidal in shape whereas inner anamel epithelium cells are cinar in shaped okay they differentiate into Amo blast and they form enamel okay and they plays a very very important role in anamel production these acts as a buffer against the physical forces okay stellate reticulum okay like a cushion which is going to act as a buffer against the physical PES and the outer Anum is going to supply food for this am blast guys clear very important points these are diagram based I hope you can answer this okay so cap stays butt stays Bell STS and all these are diagram based very very important they can Mark you and ask you to identify which layer it is Dental L lay outer epithelium inner one is inner anamal epithelium the the projecting one is called as Dental Pap which is going to give rise to your Dentin and Pulp okay and the surrounding one is Dental follicle which is going to surround the teeth that is your pedal cementum and alular Bone and cervical Loop is the position at which you're going to have your h e r s okay which is going to contain only two layers that is outer anamal epithelium inner anamal epithelium whereas your reticulums both are reticulum Statum and intermedium are absent in the case of your cervical Loop which gives R to formation of H RS that is your root and number of root shape size and number of roots guys clear am I going a bit fast shall I reduce the speed or should I go with can I go with the same speed yeah okay very good the next comes is the life cycle okay life cycle development of anamel how it's going to occur we know that the formation of anamel Matrix during the anamel Matrix itself anamel is having 30 per of minerals in it then after what is going to happen mineralization and maturation will occur the 30 percentage will be con to 100 percentage of minerals this is going to be that and you have how many stages of life cycle of an AM BL you are going to have six stages they are morphogenic organogenic for ative State maturate maturation uh protective and desmo litic the most important questions are they can ask you two important questions which are very frequently repeated one is can you tell me which is formed first anamal is formed first or Dentin is formed first yes right Dentin is formed first and followed by Dentin you are going to have an am okay now the question is in which stas when which stas Dentin is formed Dentin Dentin is formed Dentin is organized okay Dentin is organized on organized Dentin anamel will start okay so Dentin formation occur in organizing State okay now organized Dentin has formed so we have a layer of Dentin on which we can load anamel okay anamel is formed in which stas formed anal formation okay so Dentin is formed organized Dentin is formed in organizing State on organized Dentin anamel is formed in formative State very important questions Dentin is formed in organizing stat anamal is formed in formative States clear guys clear very frequent this is a very very commonly asked question okay so so during the initial phase of anamel Matrix formation how much amount of calcification is seen how much amount of calcification is seen yes 30% is which later conver to 100% is very good very good okay now so morphogenic what happens in morphogenic the shape of DJ and Crown will be decided most of the cells are short colar with a wal nucleus organizing we already told like organizing Dentin formation begins in organizing phase so there will be reversal of functional perality of the cells will take takes place migration of centrioles GG operators to the distal and takes place where the Dentin formation organized Dentin formation will start in organizing State formative formative stage is formation of enamel Matrix anamel for Matrix formation will takes place maturation maturation the word it tells right there the formation of anamel takes place okay during anamel maturation that Amo blast are slightly reduced in the number okay so the maturation is going to start protective phas the Amo blast layer transforms into reduced anamel epithelium reduced anamel epithelium we told right this reduced anamel epithelium is going to protect the mured anamel so protective means protecting the anamel which is formed means am blast transforms into a reduced anamel epithelium which is protecting the formed anamel desmo litic the epithelial cells they release enzymes that are able to destroy the connective tissue fibers by a process called as desmo Isis premature degeneration of reduced anamal epithelium May prevent the eruption of the teeth okay so desmo litic enzymes are going to release to break those connective tissue fibers that is called as diotic stage so the most important stages are formation of anamel occurs at formation of anamel occurs at which stas formation of anamel occurs at which stas formate right very good okay formation of Dentin occurs at which stas formation of Dentin occurs at which St organizing okay ameloblastic layer converted to reduced anamal epithelium which stays reduced anamal epithelium what is the purpose of reduced anamal epithelium the purpose of reduced anamal epithelium is for protection okay is for protection protecting protective stage okay so formation of enamel Matrix okay so that is basically due to secretion the secretory activity starts when a smaller amount of Dentin is laid organizing State the Amero blast lose their projections okay and separate from the predentin and islands of dentinal matri are deposited and this process continues throughout the Dentin on which anamel will be formed so next one is Toms process TOS process Pig fence appearance very frequently Asked question so each ml blast each Rod is formed by how many ml blast each Rod is formed by how many ml blast yes each Rod is formed by four molas one is going to contribute to the head and three are going to contribute to the tail so next one is so once the anamel Matrix is formed later half it is going to get mineralized and maturation is going to start so anamel rods matures from the depth of the surface and from the maturation of rods will takes place from the cusp or incisal Edge es and it goes towards the cervical area important question maturation starts from the cuspal tips and inis lges and it moves towards the cervical part A changes you are very very familiar anamal is formed only once so as a increases there will be loss of vertical Dimension that is because of your at regions and everything so generalized loss of anamel occurs over a period of time and this lead to localy increasing in the nitrogen which ions are increased nitrogen and fluoride can you tell me which hard structure is going to have more fluoride in it which hard structure is going to have more fluoride in it yes cementum and among the different layers of enamel which layer of anamel is going to have more fluoride it is outer layer or inner layer which layer is going to have more enam structure cementum cementum is going to have more fluoride because it absorbs more CS outer layer of enamel is going to have more fluoride than inner layer so there will be increasing in the nitrogen and fluoride and anamel becomes darker and their resistance to Decay will increase reducing in the permeability permeability also reduction in the permeability takes place okay right clear a changes are simple okay clear guys only one question I'll ask you okay shall I ask so what is the code for amelogenins Ammon acids code for amelogenin hpgl non amelogenins G formation of Anam occurs in which stas yes formative stas Dentin formation occurs in which stas organizing States specific gravity of anamel very good 2.8 Dentin 2.2 what is the type of collagin present in anamel what is the type of Collin present in anamel no collagin no collagin no collagin nerves no nerves no nerves no nerves blood no blood no blood no blood now tell me what is the type of collagin present in Dentin predominant collagin in Dentin is yes recent recent neat question right predominant Collin and Dentin is type one any blood supply to Denton have you seen bleeding when you cut the Denton no blood supply no blood n supp is there yes deer layers are no no it's not basically n deaper layers are going to have some nerve endings nerve Supply neural means you can you can tell s neural is s no blood supply okay neural Supply is there okay and type of Collin predominant Collis is type one okay shall we shall I go to next part so yeah dentinogenesis okay dentinogenesis is basically Dentin formation occurs from wood cells and Amo blasts ectodermin origin Dentin dtin is odto blasts ento blasts are origined from best term is yes best term is neural crust cells neural crust cells and Dentin is originated from which structure already discussed DP D for Dentin P for pulp okay done okay I'm moving to the next one okay hardness value of anamel very frequently Asked question we regularly have very fantasy number okay 143 143 is related to which structure yeah very good Monica 143 is Tong fangel Arches from which tongue is formed 143 D anamel you can remember 343 343 is the hardness value of an AML Denton hardness value will be less when compared to the enamel that is 80 okay CH radio graph you WR it is less radi than enamel more radi opic than pulp and cementum very simple these are other important numbers related to the Dentin okay proportional limit is 148 megapascals compressive strength is 305 megapascals 10 cell strength is 51.5 megapascals and modulus of velocity value if you want you can make a note of it number based questions are slightly less compared to last five years back number based questions will be more now the number based questions are I'm not telling that number Bas questions are not there in the exam they are there but number based stuff was slightly reduced compared to five or 8 years back so histology we have already discussed like you have hydroxy uped Crystal similarly like that of the anamel but here you have collagin the predominant is type one but collagin is basically absent in the case of your enamel okay so it is hydro accepted crystals in combination with cassin okay so so you have this vento blast okay okay so ento blasts are basically originated from the pulp and these odent blast they form the Dentin okay now types of Dentin most of you are familiar okay the first one is called as predentin and Dentin which is very close to the pulp which is not mineralized and the width is 2 to six micrometers important question is internal resorption internal resorption is also called as internal resorption also called as yes very good internal resorption is called as pink tooth so now the question in Endo is which of the following type of Dentin resorption occurs in the case of internal resorption which of the following Dentin resorption will occur so Dentin which is present close to the pul because internal resorption is basically odonto class are going to get activated and they get blood supply from the pulp so which which structure is near to the pulp that is first eat away which structure is near to the pulp okay so in internal resorption case which Dentin is first affected answer is predentin Dentin which is very close to the pul okay right okay next one is int tubular Dentin that forms the main body so main body of the teeth is formed by main body of the teeth is formed by which structure entire teeth main body of the teeth is formed by yes very good Dentin Dentin is going to form the main body of the teeth and Main body of the Dentin is formed by the main body of the Dentin is formed by intertubular Dentin intertubular Dentin is going to form the main body of the den okay very good next there is something called as per tubular Dentin or per luminar Dentin or intratubular Dentin okay Dentin immediately surrounding the dentinal tubules is called as peritubular Dentin surrounding the dentinal tubules and it is highly nalized then inter Tu Dentin how much it is 9 percentage we learned one more value related to the Dentin 9 percentage what is that value Dentin one more Dentin value 9% is Dentin value what is the value yes moist lost amount of moist lost in the Dentin after RC 9% is very good yes very frequently Asked question okay what is the very important thing that is causing dis Comfort to the patient is the dentinal tubu fluid okay it is also called as dentinal lymph any lymph in anamel anamel any lymph no no lymph no lymph in anamel no lymph in basically lymph concept is not also there in Dentin but dentinal fluid they call it as lymph lymph will is lymph present in the pulp is Pulp having lymph dentinal fluid is called as d Al lymph is Pulp having lymph yes pulp is having lymph pulp will have lymph lymphatic Supply lymph vessels and everything are there in very frequently Asked question about your dentinal fluid or dentinal lymph is high K low n so dentinal fluid is very very important right very rich okay so dentinal fluid is going to have more King King is Rich okay denal fluid is going to have less normal persons okay na is less k+ is more k+ is more dentinal fluid k+ is more na+ is less clear done inside the cell Which ion is more inside the N Which ion is more inside which is who is topper yes very good inside inside the kingdom who is the topper king is the top okay inside the kingdom who is the topper king is the top okay very good okay so interlobular Dentin is an abnormal Den okay interlobular Dentin is an abnormal Dentin okay that is most commonly seen in the case of vitamin D deficiency now a little bit I'll be talking about vitamins related to the teeth questions are coming okay now you have vitamin A vitamin d and vitamin C okay tell me which are the vitamins which are useful for tooth development vitamins which are useful for tooth development a b c ADC okay so a is more inclined with structure of tooth development a is inclined to more with which structure of tooth development a is inclined to sorry a is inclined to anamel it it damages the Dentin also but it's more inclin to anamel d d is more inclined to Dentin D is more inclined to Dentin but it damages the Anam also C is more inclined to C is more inclined to Ginga bone then anamel and den then anamel and D okay now one more question right Ginga which vitamins Ginga Ginga yes vitamin C among A and D what you want to add among A and D both A and D are there which which is the second one you yes a why a a is useful for epithelization we remember right wound healing a is required what is the purpose of a in wound healing is yes right epithelization ging also requires epithelization okay then the next one is B complex are useful some vitamins of B are useful for ging growth okay ging maintenance ging healing during your perodontal surgeries the least is vitamin D least is vitamin D for gingera Clear guys all these are questions okay all these are questions you have clear okay Chell so I told you right interlobular Dentin is more inclined to vitamin D deficiency rickets yes vitamin D deficiency so exposure to high levels of fluoride during the Dentin formation can also lead to the formation of interlobular Dentin exposure of high level of Dentin sorry exposure of high level of fluide will cause more damage to Anam or more more damage to Dentin Anam or Dentin yes yes it is causing more damage to anamel because fluoride is going to love Amo blast okay so floride Amo blast is very very sensitive to fluoride okay an AM blast is very very sensitive to fluoride and anamel is going to get damaged okay so when floride is useful for anamel during development or after development when fluoride is going to be very useful for anamel during development or after development okay fluide is very very useful to enamel after development before development during development it is going to cause damage to Amo blast okay it is going to cause fluorosis so during development okay fluoride with anamel will cause fluorosis after development fluoride with enamel leads to formation of fuoh hydroxyde crystals which prevents the carries which prevents the acid dissolution guys is is is the concepts clear these are just simple Logics first thing you should be logical to answer these questions second thing if you are not logical now after learning the Concepts you have to be logical right okay during formation okay it is very sensitive that leads to fluorosis you know fluorosis right fluorosis occurs very rapidly particularly Andra the Jones of kamam uh gur and all these the belt is more fluide Naga kamam and your gur and all these you have more fluoride cases right that is during the development after the development you apply fluoride that is your tropical fluoride application your APF gels your NF gels SNF twos okay all these are applied because they form floh hydrotite which is more resistance to tental Caris so apart from this high fluoride content hypo parathyroidism and hypothyroidism okay are the conditions which can lead to formation of interlobular Dentin clear okay Chell I'm going ahead so this is how the interlobular irregular Den interlobular Dentin will look like in the histological photograph okay types of dentins primary Dentin secondary Dentin teritary Dentin primary Dentin is going to have two types mantle Dentin and circum Dentin mantle Dentin normally Dentin is going to have type one coll mantle Dentin which type of cisin need 2022 question mantle Dentin is going to have type three Collin what are those fibers called as those fibers are called as W of fibers and won of fibers they love Which ion they love Which ion Wonka fibers they love not k+ okay they love silver ions they love silver ions okay and slightly less mineralized than the circum pulple denal that is your mandle Den next comes is circum pulple Dentin which is more mineralized when compared to that of the mantle Dentin so these comes under your primary Dentin next comes is a secondary Dentin they contain few number of tubules than the primary Dentin that is the secondary den and there will be demarketing line between the primary Dentin and secondary Dentin where you can differentiate it next one the important fellow clinically more useful fellow is your teriary Dentin other names are different names okay so it is called as reactive Dentin reparative Dentin irritation Dentin replacement Dentin or defense Dentin or advantes Dentin these are the other names that they regularly use the most important thing is I want you to know about the difference between the reactionary Dentin and reparative Dentin reparative Dentin is formed when reparative Den is formed which procedure reparative Den is formed which procedure reparative Den is formed so whenever you do direct pulp cappings okay so whenever I'm going to do direct pulp cappings so what is the golden standard material for direct pulp capping golden standard material for direct pulp capping yes golden standard material for direct pulp capping is calcium hydroxide the type of calcium hydroxide what I am using for the pulp capping is called as diol which is a fast setting hard setting calcium hydroxide okay so that is one and the best material for pulp capping what is the best material for pulp capping the best material for the pulp capping is is MTA okay right MTA so whenever you do direct pulp capping direct pulp capping is going to trigger the undifferentiated Mason K cells into in the pulp to differentiate into ENT blast and they secrete this reparative Dentin reactionary Dentin is from existing ento blast only whereas reparative Dentin is from undifferentiated oo blast that is a difference very important question reactionary Dentin is a reaction from the existing Walla only whereas reparative is from undifferentiated one okay right clear so a changes like Dental car is aberration attrition all type of your uh aberration and attritions and all these things cutting of Dentin during your cavity preparation will causes changes those changes can be tracts sclerosis or you will have nurst Denon and all these can happen dead tracks you are very familiar so dead tracks is a recent diagram based question in one of the examination they are black in the transmitted light and white in the reflected light okay sclerotic Den is also called as transparent Dentin it is a defense reaction of the Dentin that is seen mainly in the case of your older individuals okay andur Dentin andur Dentin will cause pain or not questioning your operator andur Den yes it no pain normal Dentin can cause pain and burst denting cannot cause pain it is regularly hard dark in color look like a Caris but it is basically seen in the case of which type of cares andur ton is seen in which type of cares yes very good arrested cares very good so Junctions of Dentin Denon has a junction with enamel Dentin has a junction with cementum Denon has a junction with pulp okay so now tell me clinically Endo prospet which which of these Junctions okay which of these Junction is helpful to end the obturation which of these Junction is is helpful to end your obturation obturation should end at which of these Junctions yes obturation will end at DJ very good obturation should end at D CJ dentino cemental Junction is the junction where your opulation should end so already discussed there's a scalloped with convexities towards the Dentin and uh the scalloping will be greatest in the case of occlusion areas that is your stress braing areas coming the next one is dentino Cal Junction so here they have given you so this is an area where epical Constructor will be there where you are going to end your obturation so this Landmark is very very important when you're doing obturation okay and these obturation that epical foramin it is basically Ecentric it is not Center or sometimes the epical foramin is divided into multiple splits okay so maybe sometimes you may have two to three epical foramin so two two three epical foramin together that area is called as what 2 to three for means that area that entire area is called as yes very good the entire area is called as epical Delta means it is something like a Delta so this area looks like a Delta so this is called as epical Delta so that location is highly variable it varies from teeth to teeth that is the main thing and this is the point at which your pulple tissue will be converted to periapical tissue okay because at this point until this point you'll be having the pulple tissue after this point you'll be having very epical tissue next this complex the basically the complex of Dent dtin pulpal Junction complex we'll be learning in depth in the pulp pulp video and everything right next comes is the coronal Dentin radicular Dentin the distance between the incremental lines is more in the case of your coronal Dentin whereas it is less in the case of your radicular Dentin extensive branches of uh ento blastic process are seen here okay here branching and collapsing with the adjacent tubules will occur 4 mm of Dentin deposition per day will occur root radicular Dentin formation will be less formed by the vento blast root Dentin is basically formed by HS because most of the root things are formed by HS which is going to contain outer Anam epithelium and inner anamal epithelium more tubules will be there less tubules will be there ter branches of the SOP plastic process are more profused here less profused coming to pain okay what is this pain in Dentin called as pain in Dentin is called as yes dentinal hypers sensitivity and which theories explain this dentinal hypers sensitivity best theory to explain the dentinal hypers sensitivity is hydrodynamic Theory so you have three theories but the most uh most most accepted theory is hydrodynamic Theory so this is the diagram that is given so most accepted theory is hydrodynamic Theory what happens in hydrodynamic theory hydrodynamic theory is basically the movement of fluid you see we told you right Dental lymph dentinal lymph or dentinal fluid is going to move that stimulate the nerves causing pain so this is called as hydrodynamic Theory the first Theory which failed is direct inovation means that telling that Dentin is going to have nerves the nerves directly inovate and these nerves are going to cause pain but this is disproved by applying L you apply a to Dentin will Dentin will not cause pain you apply Al to Dentin or you apply LA to pulp so they have tried it okay people are telling okay so Dentin is having nurse okay let's La local anesthesia it's not working so direct Invasion has failed then the next Theory the other the that came into existence is transduction transduction is conduction of impulse they're telling like how we have discussed in CNS there is conduction of impulse means one nerve is connected to other nerve by a synopsis and how this information is being transferred at the synopsis what is present at the synopsis a neurotransmitter is present okay then they checked for neurotransmitters in the dental pulp no neurotransmitters are present in the dental bulp your transduction theory fails your direct Invasion Theory fails so the only Theory which is explaining is fluid movement is causing the pain that is called as hydrodynamic Theory clear clear clear clear yes very good next goes is hydrodynamic Theory okay a very frequently Asked question hydram theory was given by this okay given by I remember it as stro liquid right dentinal fluid is moving during stro water will fluid the movement of fluid will takes place okay that is okay very simp simple question important point to be noted according to okay this concept slightly varies from book to book but I just want to like these are straightway lines from your orbons okay inward movement during cold stimulus okay cold stimulus what is going to happen to the fluid for example assume that the fluid level is this so whenever you heat what happened to the fluid you take a bowl heat the water you heat it when you heat it water level raises or Falls what happened to the water when you heat it raises okay right so whenever there is a cold there will be inward movement Whenever there is a heat or drying there will be outward M simple concept this concept that's what I'm telling this concept varies from book to book but as of now orans straight away they have given this lines inward movement during the cold stimulus outward movement during drying or doing the heat stimulus clear clear I'm done with the major aspects of Dentin this table is very very important okay right I told you right forming cells whenever you have forming cells what are forming cells osteoblasts osto clasts act to quites hyper Ric Contra sites stellate reticulum we have discussed Statum intermedium we have discussed ento blasts we have discussed so all these formative cells are having more more alkaline phosphorus not amas amast are also formative cells only Amo blast formative cells which are not having increasing in the alkaline phosphat rest all formative cells are having increasing in the alkaline phosphat guys this table is very important you have so many questions given from this table like which which enes which entic activity is more in the reticulum which entic activity is more in the intermedium which antic activ is more in the osto sites OST are very frequent aspr clear next comes the only plus plus is for osto class okay acid phosphor is increasing in the OST class acid phosphites is increasing in the OST apart from Acid phosph what are the other which are increasing in the ostl they our cytochrome oxidase is increased okay cenic dehydrogen is increased suic dehydrogen is cytochrome oxidase and acid phosphatase are increasing in the osteoclasts done done done I'm moving ahead okay then comes to pulp okay number of Pulp organs are 52 permanent are 32 primary are 20 volume of Pulp 0.38 CC so many times repeated highest is going to be for molars that two maxillary first molars I hope you know what is coronal pulp and radicular Pulp there is something called as accessory canals lateral canals okay so they are basically formed as a break and in that break dentinogenesis does not takes place and they lead to formation of accessory canals and these lateral canals and accessary canals they form blood vessels in them during this HS formation that is helpful in the root so the main uses of this aary canals and lateral canals is it is going to communicate Endo plus pero that is called as Endo perol lesions means for example you consider this as a teeth a teeth is having a deep pocket for 2 to three years a teeth is having a deep pocket for two to three years okay you have a deep pocket bacteria are there bacteria are coming coming coming they reach this accessory canals they start infecting the pulp so what is this classification of endo perial leion called as this is primary pocket means primary perod Department Wala the next one it is affecting the endodontic pulp so it is primary pero and secondary Endo clear okay now I have one more case what happened is there is a deep cares lesion okay the fellow is having severe pain did not came to the department did not address the clinic taken some medication then it has infected the pulp necrotic pulp has happened then there is a peral absis then also he did not came peral absis then also did not came periapical absis become chronic absis okay then finally what is what has happened is there is infection that is being spread from the periapical area to form a bone loss and finally he his tooth is moving lots of bone loss happen okay now what is this case this is called as primary Endo it starts from Endo department and secondarily it is going for a pero Department with the bone loss so it is called as primary Endo secondary pero so these structures are very very important okay so normally only normally most of us we are not able to fill the main Canal we are not doing observations and properly so how can you manage this accessory Canal small small W very difficult okay so these are the Endo perio Communications and they are very difficult to clean that may lead to poor prognosis that is the reason by okay your accary canals are very very important okay already concept of epical foramin was discussed right epical foramin where Anam and Dentin deposition occur okay as a increases the epical foramin size decreases epical foramin are going to be the size will be more in the case of maxilla that is 0.4 size will be less in the case of mandible that is 0.3 mm okay so epical foramin it is is not mandatory to be present in the central they can be present in the lateral that is called as entric sometimes two to three epical foramin are present that is called as epical Delta already discussed so this is how epical Delta will be and upon obturation proper obturation you can fill your epical Delta like this coming to the functions of the pulp after the different functions of the pulp the most important primary function of the pulp what is the primary function of the pulp the primary function of the pulp is formation of Dentin which is the most important function apart from this okay one more function of the pulp is induction okay what it is inducting it is inducting the differentiation of dental Lam and dental organ which helps in the formation of tooth tooth morphology determines the tooth morphology formation Dentin formation nutrition is giving nutrition to the Dentin protection and sensory okay because uh it has some Sensations that is pain and it has immune cells lots of immune cells are present in the pulp and defense and reparative it helps in formation of reparative Dentin right I told you two types of Dentin one is reactionary Dentin reactionary Dentin is from reactionary Dentin is from existing cells okay whereas reparative Dentin is from whose cells reparative Dentin is from cells of the pulp the cells of the pulp the new cells as Pani said new cells new cells are going to come from undifferentiated cells where undifferentiated cells are present they are present in the pulp they are coming from the pulp okay the defense and reparative function is a function of the pulp in which it is helping Dentin okay so pulp what pulp is doing pulp is giving food to the Dentin pulp is protecting the Dentin pulp is producing the reparative Dentin okay so it is helping in all the ways to the pulp like a good friend okay so very close friend right so pulp is associated with the Dentin so pulp is doing its job in protecting the Dentin from all the areas okay I told you pulp Dentin complex the pulp Dentin complex is going to have four layers so once you come from the center Center is called as core that is called as core pulp after which you are going to have Rich Zone cell Rich Zone then you are going to have cellfree Zone the outer layer is called as odontoblastic layer clear right they can ask you from Center to out Outer to in okay so rentastic layer is present in the periphery okay so whenever you're stress free cell free means stress free you'll be well easy to remember right okay then you have cell regone rich people rich people rich people are high H rich people are high H okay right and the center one is called as coron very simple nothing very too heavy soop plastic layer is very very simple it is periphery peripheral layer and the ENT blast are tall colar cells in the coronal pulp and they gradually become flatter as they move to the radicular pulp okay the cells are arranged in paliside pattern very simple nothing too heavy then comes the stress free set stress free whenever you're free well-being will be more this is called a cell poor Jone also approximately 40 Micron thickness okay and here you don't have cells no cells cell-free zone right no cells but cell extensions will be there no nerves but nerve extensions will be there okay cell extensions no nerves nerve extensions okay the nerve extensions are called as fluxus of rashal okay the fibroblast extensions are called as cytoplasmic extensions of fibroblast will be there here it is celf freeone but no cells but extensions will be there so this basing upon the functional activity of a particular pulp you can know the presence of self- free zone or not so this selfy Zone may not be seen in the case of Ang pulp or may not be seen in the case of old pulp because Ang pulp there will be rapid formation of Dentin old pulp there will be continuous formation of reparative Dentin or reactionary that can be takes place so there is the reason why self fre zone is minimalistic in the case of your young people and in the case of your old people then comes the cell rone because it contains lots of cells it is high high in the case of coronal pulp you have fibras what are the predominant cells in the pulp predominant cells in the pulp what are the predominant cells in the pulp the predominant cells in the pulp are fibroblasts what are the predominant cells in the Ginga perio question what are the predominant cells in the Ginga what are the predominant cells in the G yes answer is same what are the predominant cells in the PDL perodontal ligament what are the predominant cells in the perodontal ligament answer is same okay so right so you have predominant cells and you have undifferentiated Mason cells that can be differentiated into any time so what are the pulp cells are called as pulp cells are useful for stem cells right pulp stem cells you know pulp stem cells which we have discussed in regenerative Endodontics okay right so pulp stem cells are basically used in regs what are these types of cells pulp cells are called as dpsc Dental pulp stem cells what are their property what is their property yes yes someone is telling toy not toy it is PL potent cells pulp cells are called as PL poent P for p easy to remember Pur poent right don't get confused okay P for p pulp cells useful for regenerative Endodontics so pury poent cells has a capacity to give rise to many other types of cells like the pulple cells can be used in your stem cell stem cell banking okay they can give rise to nerve tissues they can give rise to pulple tissues they can give rise to many other tissues okay right so P for p okay the next comes is as I said like fibr blast Okay so what are the types of fibers which are present in the pulp one is elastic fibers okay which are surrounding the blood vessels second one is collagin fibers what of collagin fibers are present in the pulp anamel no collagin Dentin type one pulp yes type one and type three so which is predominant type one type 1 is 55% type three is 45% sorry if I'm asking fetal pulp which type of collagin is present in the Fatal pulp yes yes poin which is present in the Fatal pulp is type three similarly means type three will be converted into type one in the future any any such phenomenon occurring somewhere I have discussed General pathology type one converting into type three yes guy three very good wound healing so wound healing also the initial type of Collin that we regularly see is type three later the type three will be converted to type one in the pulp also fatal initially is type three later it is converted into type one and type three right so where do you see type three ciz normally I'm asking where do you see type three Collis yes one very good answer sh mantle Dentin van of fibers reticular fibers very good reticular connective issue you have type three Collin any disease having abnormality of type three Collin no no no Alberts is type four sorry Alberts is type four yes it is rubberman syndrome which type of rubberman syndrome not all rubberman syndromes which type of rubberman syndrome yes type four type four rubberman syndrome he is having an abnormality of type three collagin that is called as vascular type of rubberman syndrome okay here reticular tissue will be damaged because reticular tissue helps in blood vessels formation of blood vessels so this fellow is going have vascular problems okay so the most dangerous type of EDS the most dangerous type of EDS is type four EDS because they have more chances of death okay done so in Ang pulp in Ang pulp we already discussed type three will be more so Ang pulp normally single fibral will be there as a increases what is going to happen as a increases the vascular content decreases inrees means the cellular content decreases the fibrous content increases in the pulp the pulp become more fibrous okay greater concentration is found in the most epical portion when compared with the coronal middle 13 epical portion is going to have more collagen as a increases collagin increases as you move from top to bottom in the epical 13 the collagin will be more and this is the phenomenon which is used by most of our Ang endodontist as well as the Ang dentist right whenever they open a new Clinic whenever they start doing RCS okay they keep this Photograph okay right what is that photograph they remove the entire shot of Pulp okay and they keep the photograph what is the instrument which is used to remove that entire shot of Pulp what is that instrument that fellow is the root canal instrument which is more prone to facture instrument which is more prone to facture yes right that is called a bar brouch which is more prone to facture so what they do is they insert this bar brouch deep into the epical 1/3 because epical 1/3 concept while what we learn is epical 13 is going to have more Collin so I'm going to turn engage those collagin in my bar brouch and I'm going to remove the entire pulp in a single shot that is what the mechanism there what is the mechanism which part of root is having more collagin which part of root is having more Collin okay it is epical 1/3 okay epical 1/3 which part of root is more Pro prone for file separation more prone for file separation very good epical 1/3 Collin is more in epical 1/3 which part of root is more important for an endodontist you divide three parts which part is more important for an endodontist yes it is epical 1/3 which type of root facture has more prognosis which type of root Factor has more prognosis yes epical 13 okay right so this is again a diagram that is taken from your Engle so there was a study that is done comparing your blood flow rates in different parts of the body in comparison to the pulp the blood flow rate is high in spleen followed by heart where very important physiology question blood flow rate is high in spleen followed by heart then comes the intestine and brain okay pulp is coming after the brain okay very very important the sequence they can ask in sequence based questions in C or neat they can ask you so before going into that we'll be discussing about the pulple pressures so what is normal pulple pressure yes normal paral pressure is 5 to 10 mm of HG if they're asking about HG if they're asking selenar water what is your answer they're asking selenar water then your answer is 10 to 15 cm of selenar water so whenever there is increasing in the pulpal pressure pulp is an closed encapsulated cavity right closed by Dentin from all the sides it's going to cause pain so what is going to be the pulpal pressure in the case of reversible pulpitis 13.5 irreversible pulpitis 34.5 mm of HG there is one Theory called as stealing Theory what is the stealing Theory stealing theory is going to determine the pulple blood flow influenced by the vascular tone of the adjacent T like you have pulp inent what you have you have Ginga you have PDL so how this is weing like for example there is a Vaso dilation you do something you cause Vaso dilation in the adjacent tissue okay that lead to compression of the pulpal blood flow when you cause compression of the pulpal blood flow there will be drop in the blood flow so then the pulp will be in a State of Shock like how we have decreasing the blood flow the the pulp will be in a State of shock but pulp is having an internal quality okay that it is going to reduce the pulpal perfusion but it's going to maintain its viability for some time like for example you we we regularly do these manipulations right whenever you keep this Matrix band okay modify the pulp you cut the Ginga pulp is going to get the blood supply from all these areas through the epical forment so this concept of how pulp is going to get compromised because of the manipulations in the edes tissue are explained by a theory called as stealing Theory right clear don't go very deep it is a py concept for an usy this is more than sufficient okay then I'll be talking about the nerve Supply what are the nerves which are present in the pul so nerves which are present in the pulp are the predominant nerves which are present in the pulp are C fibers followed by a Delta fibers any other fibers according to Engle it's going to have a beta f fibers also but make a note beta fibers are not going to cause any pain so I'm least bothered so beta fibers are not going to cause pain the only fibers which are causing pain are C fibers a Delta fibers entire body what are the pain causing fibers not in PP entire body what are the pain causing fibers Alpha fibers will not cause any pain no no no no no same okay same a Delta and C fibers are the pain causing fibers whether it is a pulp or now if I'm asking fastest fibers velocity is fast in which fibers normally velocity is fast in mated fibers out of the fibers velocity is fast in a alpha fibers if I'm asking what are the fibers which are having maximum velocity in the pulp is it can be a beta or a Delta predominant fibers are C fibers C for c c for c c for Center C for core fibers which are present in the core fibers which are present in the center are C fibers these are unmated fibers fibers which are present in the periphery are ad Delta fibers which are melinated fibers and in most of your pulp sensibility test that is your EP heat test cold test what you are going to measure mostly what fibers you testing you testing a Delta fibers or C fibers yes you are testing a Delta fibers there is one Concept in pedo right in pedo Department in primary teeth and permanent teeth primary teeth and permanent teeth pulp sensibility tests are contraindicated why in primary teeth and in permanent teeth pulp sensibility tests are contraindicated the reason is there is no mization normally mization is going to occur for to five years after the eruption of a teeth into the oral cavity so there is a problem with a Delta fibers because a Delta fibers are the only melinated fibers they are not properly melinated in Ang permanent teeth as well as in the primary teeth that is a reason why pulp sensibility tests are contraindicated because there is no development of a Delta fibers properly ad Delta fibers are going to take four to five years after their eruption into the oral cavity for their formation of M sheet on them so among these fibers which are the fibers which are more they react fast to the local aesthesia the react yes they are C fibers Let It Be C fibers present in the center C fibers does not have any milein sheet on them so as they don't have milin sheet they reacts fast to the local anesthesia very beautiful important points were given related to the microvascularity of the pulp from your Orbin so whether it is arteries or whether it is veins they are thin W in the pulp and make a note pulpal arteries are as big as arterials elsewhere present in the body can you tell me what is the number thickness anyone Dimensions which are given in the Orbin 5200 microns there is no branching in the radicular pulp sub odto blastic plues of capillaries are seen and these these capillaries are seen these capillaries are seen right throughout the pulp even they are seen in the case of your cell po Jone that is your self-free Zone also okay the next one is concept of parasites and sympathetic nerves sympathetic nerves and parasites they control the blood flow very important Point both of these they control the blood flow High capillary pressure is seen in the pulp we have already discussed 5 to 10 mm of HG or 10 to 15 cm of Salin or water rapid blood flow and fenestration capillaries are also present okay right there second a question penetration capillaries which type of capillaries in the pulp helps in transformation of metabolites the answer is penetration capillaries the answer is pention capillaries I told you lymph is there lymphatic flow follows the course of the blood vessel I told you lymph is there in the pulp okay whereas your dentinal fluid is called as dentinal lymph pulp is also having the lymph then comes it's a physiology concept basing upon the semi permeability capillaries which are present in the blood are basically divided into fenestration capillaries continuous capillaries these are the two types of capillaries which are present in the pulp we want fenestration capillaries because fenestration capillaries helps in transformation of metabolites in the pulp very important finist sttion capsularis the third type of capillaries which are not present in the pulp but physiology concept there are discontinuous capillaries and the fourth one are tight Junction capillaries type one and type two are present in the dental pulp that's what we have discussed fenestration capillaries are type one capillaries which helps in transformation of metabolites through the pores which are present in their capillaries clear clear clear I want your quick response then comes the next one is Pulp calcifications okay pulp calcifications also called as pulp Stones so what type of calcifications you regularly see in the pulp recently done General pathology so you have two different main two different classifications metastatic calcifications and dropic calcifications dead and degenerated are associated with the dropic calcifications so dead and degenerated so pulp is going to have some dead cells where the calcification will occur so type of calcification that is seen in the pulp is called as dropic calcification can you tell me what are the serum calcium levels and dropic calcification serum calcium levels and dropic calcification very good normal the answer is normal norum what is serum calcium level values value of serum calcium level 9 to 11 mg per dcil titani in titani what is a value tanate is less than 6 mg per decil see yes you have different types of Pulp Stones true false fine defined free attached and embedded and sometimes the pulp Stones can appear as snow Strom calcifications like tines pules throughout the pulp so they are called as pulp St so please do remember this tag line so which irrigation solution you are going to use in the whenever you have calcified canals when you have pulp pulp Stones Eda what is the pH of Eda very good 7.3 percentage of Ed 177% of Ed very good Endo Endo Endo integrated content multiple pulp stones are seen in multiple pulp stones are seen in which condition yes rubberman EDS multiple sinus openings on the face are seen in which condition multiple sinus openings yes multiple sinus openings with sulfur granules are seen in the case of Acom micosis okay what is the drug of choice for Acom micosis very good pencillin very good any any colonies any Colony Type M like colonies M like colonies are seen in Acom micosis spider like colonies are seen in Acom micosis Ray like colonies are seen in aom micosis okay right so it's already hitting eight so I want to close the session okay hope this sort of integrated revision uh is useful I need your response regarding this so we'll be taking uh many more sessions like quick revision fast revision okay so if you feel it it's a little bit fast recorded version will be available on the website a few demo classes will be posted on the YouTube and I hope you know how to decrease the speed okay right I mean