Child Psychology Part-1

fun I'm doctor Muskaan from Team MDS conquer in this video I will be discussing about psychodynamic theories of child psychology so first of all child psychology and behavior management they are a very important part of PD on ticks and most important of all it does not overlap with any other subject you have to cover this and feed only and the second thing is that you are most likely to get one or two questions definitely from this part and I know most of you must be thinking it is a very dull or boring subject but you just need to understand the crux of the theory and the part from here where you get questions most of the questions is first is the classification of the theories then you have to remember the scientist who has given the particular theory the year in which the theory was given the stages all the stages that are covered in the theory and a bit of the dental application of the theory so to start with some points to be remembered so the work of Darwin on the principle of natural evolution focused the scientists interest on human development Mendel's contribution on genetics in 1863 influenced certain movements towards the study of children Pavlov contributed on developing the experimental technique of the conditioned response through its work had major influence in understanding concepts of psychology so scientists basically they are more important from PGI point of view in these papers they concentrate more on scientists so what is the importance of child psychology to better understand the child to know the problem of the psychological origin to gain the confidence of the child and the parents and produce a comfortable environment for dental team to work on the patient so there are different models there are four models put forward to understand the development of a child's behavior so we have not got any question from these models till now but you should know the name of the model and the theories which are based on these models so you should know about these models so first is the mechanistic perspective this is known as the mechanical mirror model it equates people with machines so according to this humans they react to what the environment makes out of them so the social learning theories they are based on this model next is the organism make perspective which is not known as organic lab model so according to this humans initiate acts changes inherent part of life which is internal rather than external that is there is no environmental influence on the development so the gene page its theory it is based on organic lamp model according to this change is qualitative and discontinuous next is the psychoanalytical perspective it was first developed by segment fluid so according to these people they are neither active not passive but they are always in flux between the two states so they are always in a conflict between their natural instincts and country constraints imposed upon them by the society and Sigmund Freud's theory and Erik Erikson Theory come under this so next is the humanistic perspective so this perspective sees people as having ability to take charge of their lives and to foster their own development it emphasizes the individual ability to do this in healthy positive ways through the distinctive human qualities of choice creativity evaluation and self-realization so next is the classification of psychology's of child psychology this is very very important so basically they are divided into two types psychodynamic theories and behavior theories psychodynamic theories they include psychosexual theory by Sigmund Freud psychosocial theory by Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development next are the behavioral theories they are the classical conditioning theory by Ivan Pavlov Skinner's operant conditioning theory bandura's social learning theory and hierarchy of needs by Maslow now what questions you can get from these they can give you four options and they can ask you which of the following is a psychodynamic theory or which of the following is a behavioral theory or all of the following are behavioral theory except so you need to know the names know that class in which they fall and know the year and the scientist who has put forward that theory so first is the psychosexual or the psychoanalytical theory put forward by Sigmund fluid in 1905 so he attempted to explain by understanding the mind at its different levels its motif a motivation and conflicts so through it describe human mind with the help of two models first is the topographic model and the other is the psychic model or the psychic triad now according to the topographic model there are three levels of consciousness first is the conscious then is the preconscious and then is the subconscious or unconscious conscious is what we are aware of preconscious is that part of the personality of which the individual is not aware of at the moment but can reconnect into awareness without great difficulties so this includes our stored knowledge our experiences and subconscious or unconscious part of the personalities of which the individual is unaware of so through it used a iceberg to depict these three levels so this is the conscious level which are our present thoughts our perceptions this is the pre conscious level which are our memories are stored knowledge we can recollect them at any moment when we want and this is the unconscious level or the subconscious level which includes of inherent fears are irrational wishes our selfish needs so through it says that only 10% is the conscious level and rest is the pre conscious and the unconscious level and we are not aware of it the other is the psychic trial or the psychic model so in order to understand this let's take an example we like to make it easier let's take example of a kid see this is a kid okay he has a Devin on one night and the angel on the other so the devil always pushes the kid to do the wrong things to take the wrong habits whereas the angel always encourages to do good deeds now if we see this devil as the eight the child has the ego and angel as the super-ego so it is first to develop in life then comes the ego then comes the super-ego now what is it it is the selfish selfish person in inside us which is based on the pleasure principle that is all its needs should be fulfilled instantly that is it believes in instant gratification what is super ego super-ego follows the rules of the society now the ego is always confused how to satisfy the needs of the it while keeping in mind the rules of the society so it is the ego who acts and it is the ego who has to face the consequences it is the ego who has to make the decision what to do so it it is present at birth it strives for immediate pleasure and gratification ego it comes at two to six months delays modifies and controls it impulses on a realistic level and the next is the super-ego that is prohibition learn from the environment so it is our unconscious mind ego is a pre conscious mind and super-ego is a conscious mind now fluid says that throughout the life a person goes through five stages and during all these stages there is a zone of errors erogenous zone so there is a constant struggle between it and super-ego and ego has to balance it these are known as the internal conflicts and the result of these struggles the decisions of the ego they decide the personality of a person now Freud put forward the five stages this is very very very important what you have to know is the name of the stage the age group of the stage the zones of focus gratifying activities and the fixations now fixations are if the child continues to struggle through a stage then you develop certain fixed sections so according to fluid most of the personality it is completed by five years of age that is in the first three stages of life first is the oral stage again age zero to one point five years erogenous zone in Focuses mouth gratifying activities nursing eating mouth movements so if the insurance needs are met like if the infant is getting sufficient feeding then infant develops into a better person but if there is insufficient or forceful feeding it results in fixation so what will be the symptoms of oral fixation later in the life they will be smoking or nail biting or drinking so next is the anal stage in this what you have to remember each group is 1.5 to 3 years and erogenous zone is anus and gratifying activities are bowel movement and build withholding of such movement so during this stage the child goes through the toilet training that is a process through which type children are taught when where and how excretion is deemed appropriately by society next is the phallic stage so the age is four to five years erogenous zone is genitals gratifying activities are genital fondling so the key event in the child's feeling towards the parent of opposite sex together with any and fear of the same-sex parent so the symptoms of phallic fixation they will be anxiety and guilty of feelings about sex fear of castration and narcissistic personality in men so it includes two important points first is the DPS complex in which the boys they become more attached to their mother and Electra complex it is the opposite of the Oedipus complex in which the girls they are more attached to their father basically child is more attached to the parent of the opposite sex so next is the latency stage there it is from five years to puberty and there is no erogenous zone and during this time the child sexual feelings they are suppressed and much of the child's energy it is channeled into developing new skills acquiring new knowledge playing and it is largely confined to children of same sex next is the genital stage it is puberty onwards and again the erogenous zone is genitals and interaction with the environment is that three major sources of sexual arousal results during this period are memories and sensations from earliest childhood period that is from the phallic stage then the physical manipulation of genitals and hormonal secretions now what are the merits of fluid theory it is one of the earliest theory it is the most comprehensive theory of lifelong psychological development then the D merits fluid formulated this theory by his extensive Studies on adult psychological patients and hence its extrapolation to children it is not very much justified and it is based on the obsessed observation of the psychologist so basically what we need to remember in this study is first it was given by Sigmund Freud in 1905 second the two models the topographic model and the psychic model then it includes the five stages the name of the five stages the age the areas of focus and the fixations so next is psychosocial theory by Erik Erikson given in 1963 now Erikson he extended the fluid in concept of ego he developed functions by epigenetic principle that is we developed through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities in eight stages each of which depends upon successful resolution of a turning point or crisis so fluid and Erickson they both assumed that development depends on child's instincts and responses around him unresolved issues for from early stages of life affect person's ability to deal with subsequent stages so according to Erickson a person has to go through eight stages throughout his life which decides about what kind of a person he emerges to be now the first stage is trust versus mistrust the age is 0 to 1 years and the basic strength is hope so what we need to remember in Erik Erikson theory basically is all the eight stages then the name of the stages then what are the crisis or the basic strength of that age and how the person emerges through that stage and the tender implication of that stage so in during the four first year of the life the child is completely dependent on his mother for his needs so if the caregiver meets the needs of the child child develops trust in the later life but if the caregiver does not meet the needs the child develops mistrust in the later life so what will be the dental implications of this age so the child is basically developed is dependent on mother for the needs and is attached to mother and so there will be separation anxiety in the child if we try to separate the child from the mother so if necessary to provide the dental treatment our discerning age it is preferably to do with the parental presence and preferably with the parent holding the child because if once the child loses the basic trust with the world then it would be very difficult for the dental staff to regain the confidence of the child so next stage is the stage 2 which is the autonomy versus shame and doubt so the age group is 2 to 3 years so the basic strength is the will now here there is a determination to exercise freedom of choice in face of society's demand now the child starts to gain some freedom gain some freedom of choice so if the child is X is able to exercise some degree of choice then the child comes out to be a confident person if the child's independence is thwarted child develops feeling of self-doubt shame in dealing with others so what other important landmarks of this stage I that like the child wants to choose what to be or what to eat with which toys he wants to play so so what are the dental applications so since the child is moving away from the mother but still the presence of the patient is essential because the child will retreat to the parent during the threatening situation and now the child wants more freedom so the dentist must obtain cooperation from him by making him believe that the treatment is is his choice and not of his parents or the dentist so the third stage is three to six years which is the initiative versus guilt basic strength is purpose now the child expresses desires to initiate new activities like if the child will be forming will be playing with new kind of toys will be doing more kind of activities doing drawing playing with blocks making different types of things with the blocks so if the child is appreciated and is allowed to do it then he comes out to be a better person to be a more confident person but if the parents they punish the child for this initiative the child has a feeling of guilt and it will affect self-directed activity throughout the life so what will be the dental implications that the child can be encouraged to view this visit as a new adventure why because now the child wants to do new things in this stage so if the child is encouraged then we can genuinely accept expect a success in the dental visit that is can expect cooperation from the child we can do the treatment in a better way then but if the child fails to do so it can lead to a sense of guilt in the child and he will always run away from the treatment so the next thing is that the child is teachable at this stage so the child can be taught about various things in dental setup the next is the stage 4 which is industry versus inferiority that is 7 to 12 years and the basic strength is competence now the child develops cognitive abilities to enable in task completion that is the child indulging in playbook school making new friends playing different sports so if the parents or the teachers they do not support the child's efforts child and UPS feelings of inferiority an inadequacy so what are the dental implications that child drives for sense of Industry and accomplishment cooperation with treatment can be obtained so cooperation at this stage it depends on whether he or she understands what is needed to please dentist or parents whether the peer group is supportive and whether the desired behavior is reinforced by the dentist next stage 5 that is identity versus role confusion which is 12 to 18 years of age and the basic strength is loyalty now at this stage that now the child grows into an adolescent and the major question that is in the mind of a child is Who am I so he indulges into different social relationships develop new friends new relationships goes out so if there is a strong sense of identity then the child faces hood with certainty and confidence but if there is identity crisis then there is confusion of ego identity now what are the dental implications that be since the child is in adolescence so first thing is that the approval of peer group is very important the child is more worried about what his friends will say what his peer group is going to react on his action so the approval of the peer group is extremely important any author under treatment should be carried out if child wants it and not parent at this stage so parental authority is rejected child should be given the freedom to decide what treatment he has to undergo next state six and it is in the early 20s and it is intimacies versus isolation and the basic strength is love now the child now the person the adult is in indulging in some productive work is establishing new intimate relationships but if the person is fails to establish relationships then it leads to the isolation so dental applications are that at this stage since the person is getting into new relationships so the appearances they are very important so these young adults they seek orthodontic treatment to correct their dental experiences and this is characterized as internal motivation but alteration of appearances can also interfere with previously established relations so the treatment options they must be fully explained to and discussed with the young adults next stage 7 which is met 20s and late tee's so this is generativity versus stagnation and the basic strength is care now as the individual is growing so he takes but he takes active involvement in teaching or guiding the next generation there is a need to teach others there is a concern for the next generation but if there is no outlet for generativity then it leads to the stagnation of the person next is stage 8 which is 50s and Beyond and it is the dis integrity versus despair and the basic strength is virtual now this is the looking back stage that the major question a person asks is that did he or she live a meaningful life so integrity is when a person can look back with satisfaction yes I have had a very good life I have achieved all the goals all my personal professional every goal I have my family settled and everything is good but if the person reviews with anger or frustration or they have gone through bitter experiences or they are committed some mistakes then the that is despair so what are the merits of Erikson's Theory it is based on age wise classification of an individual it is easy to apply at any stage of development then it is simple and comprehensive to understand the demerit sorry that it is based on extreme ends of personality so what we need to remember in this theory is the name of the scientist Erik Erikson year 1963 basically there are eight stages the age of every stage the basic strength and virtue of every every age every stage and dental implications like you can get a question that there is a one-year-old child you have to treat so what is the main thing you have to take care of for example it is the separation anxiety then they will ask you will ask the patient to a parent to leave or they will give different options like the parent should be allowed in the operatory parent should not be allowed in the operatory so during the first year of life you have to answer yes the parent should be allowed into operatory why because if the parent is not allowed then the patient then the child may face separation anxiety so these are the different questions these are the best different case based questions that you can get so we have discussed all the dental implications all the stages so you can get a question mostly from any of these parts what I have emphasized on so next important theory is Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development given in 1952 so Jean Padgett he formulated this theory on how children and intellisense think and acquire knowledge so he directly observed children by questioning them about their thinking so according to Piaget the environment does not shape child behavior but the child and adult actively seek to understand the environment so basically there are four stages in Paget's theory of cognitive development so there are sensory motor pre-operational concrete operational and formal operational theory what we need to remember is the eighth the age group then the names of the name of the stages and the developmental phenomena data present in that very stage so first is the sensorimotor stage it is / - 2 years so now during this stage the child starts to experience world world through and senses an action like he is using his senses for example he is seeing the objects he can touch the object he can feel the object he can hear from his ears so there the development of phenomenal our object permanence and stranger anxiety second is 2 to 6 years of age so this is the pre-operational stage now the child begins to give words to the things to the audience that he was seen earlier using intuitive rather than logical reasoning next is the 7 to 11 years of age that is concrete operational now he starts thinking logically about concrete events grasping concrete and loggers and performing automatical operations then is the formal operational stage status 12 to adulthood there is abstract reasoning now to make it simple let's see this picture first is the sensorimotor stage this one that is birth to two years child can hold the water child will drink the water child can feel you know he can put his finger and he can feel the water that is the sensorimotor stage with his senses next is the pre-operational stage now the child can name yes this is water so this is the pre-operational stage in concrete operational stage the child can fill the glass with water he knows that how I can take half glass of water how I can take quite a glass of water an informal operational stage the child knows the complete reasoning that if it is half-full then it is half empty so this is in simple words what is the theory of cognitive development now let's understand the dental implications of each stage first is the sensorimotor stage start is zero to two years now since child begins to interact with the environment so the child can be given toys while sitting on a dental chair in his hand to make him more cooperative next is pre-operational stage that is two to seven years so it has three parts that is constructivist constructivism now a child likes to explore things and make own observations for example child will survey the dental chair he will see the airway syringe the air order and all the equipments which have been kept there then his cognitive equilibrium that is child is explained about equipment or instrument and allowed to deal with it that is you can show the child the mirror you can place the mirror in his hand yes you can hold it nothing is happening you can ask him to hold a probe and keep it on his kneel and say see it is not hurting so child can take control of things he should be taught and he should be allowed to exercise some independence to understand the thing so that he will allow you to do the treatment and be moved operative then this animism now the child will correlate with other objects which they are used to or accustom to for example radiograph you a child does not know what is a radiograph but yes he knows what sort of picture because he has seen a photograph a picture at his home so he can relate yes it is showing a toad so it's a tooth picture yes they have taken me to he'll be more cooperative with you then is concrete operational stage one more point you have to differentiate between animism and euphemism animism is a part of cognitive development it is where a child can where a child can correlate with the object and euphemism is a part of behavior management in which different words simpler words they are used for the instruments and things in the dentin operatory next is concrete operational stage that is six to twelve years now childhood understand the concrete instructions like this is retainer you have to brush like this after we had the retainer at night of the clean at every day a child can be instructed how to brush like you can show a mirror and then ask the child to brush himself and child is teachable at this stage so centering that a child is allowed to hold mirror to see what is being done on his teeth egocentrism child has achieved level of understanding and gets involved in treatment for example the child can hold the suction tube by himself for you next is formal operational stage that is 11 to 15 years so again this this is this coincides with your doll ascent stage of Erik Erikson and so then there is more of peer influence and abstract thinking increases so though it displays important ruling orthodontic appliances and braces and the child they are more getting more and more conscious about their looks and how they appears they react to their looks and basically again this corresponds to the adults in stage of erection so the merits of this theory it is most comprehensive theory of cognitive development the theory propagated that we can learn as much about children's intellectual development from examining their incorrect and correct answers to items and the merit side and underestimate styles abilities it overall estimates age difference in thinking vagueness about the process of change it underestimates the role of the social environment so the main things to be remembered and Jean Piaget's theory is the name of the scientist gene pager in the year then the four stages the ages at each stage and the phenomena that development a phenomena taking place at each stage and what dental implications it is having and how we can make the kid more cooperative by understanding yes psychology at that particular point so with this we finish with our psychoanalytical theories hope you have understood the subject thank