Calcium and phosphorus metabolism

hi everyone in the next topic of discussion for the MDS finish line is calcium and phosphorus metabolism I'm dr. society team MDS conquer so this is actually a very important question in the physiology being asked the basics paper so it's almost important for all the subjects or all the departments so we'll just have a look so for any essay question it's always better to write the content so you can write these contents and the subheadings also you can write for calcium as well as for the phosphorus so if the if you can write this contents it's good ok and then you can give introduction of why are the minerals very important for the body if to regulate the energy of a body electrolyte balance and all that you can just put a slight introduction of a regarding all the elements all the 25 important essential elements so you can just put forward and next you can jump to calcium so calcium you can this write of how it is being distributed like this about thousand grams of calcium 99% is in the bone whereas other 1% is in the non bone that's to extracellular Li then in the bloodstream and the interstitial fluid so you can just put this later you can go for the sources of calcium which are very important so you know the milk and the leafy vegetables the cabbage being sufficient all you can just have a just give the heading and the forms of calcium either it could be in the diet or in the plasma and ionize non-ionized form or in the bones as readily accessible or stable calcium okay so coming to the important functions or important related to calcium and a ball isn't it's like it for it's a residential component for bone and teeth also for muscle contraction for but blood coagulation for nerve transmission for membrane integrity for enzyme activation and also affect on hormonal release so all these are the important functions related to calcium so if you can put forward this chart it will be really fetching so what are the factors that promote calcium absorption and what inhibit the calcium absorption if you just if you write the heading and if you give these and if you could explain a bit that will be really fetching so coming to the main thing so the main heart of this answer as a homeostasis so falcomon phosphorus metabolism they mainly ask for the homeostasis of how it has been being balanced and how the equilibrium of the calcium as well as phosphate is being maintained by the human body so that is mainly by these three hormones or these restores to elements that is the parathormone the 1:25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol or calcitriol and the calcitonin so these three play a very important role in regulating the calcium and phosphorus metabolism so you can just give the introduction of what is homeless taxes and then you can answer of how these three play a very important role the parathormone and 125 dihydroxy cholecalciferol is very important they play a very important role in regulating the low calcium levels in the serum so if there is low calcium levels in the serum then parathormone will be released by our parathyroid gland which acts on the bone and the kidney and as well as the intestine to get back the calcium back to the serum okay to get back the calcium to the serum the acts so either it increases the resorption of the bone and also it causes intestinal absorption like that so how it gets back or how the serum gets back is like this if you can draw at the bone and if you can even draw a small kidney and you can if you can explain that will be really fetching okay so both parathormone and the vitamin D plays an important role when there is a low level of calcium in the serum so you have to explain like that so you can even give a smile explanation of how the vitamin D is being synthesized if it is essay question so again you can give the actions of the vitamin D like how it causes it increases the calcium absorption from the intestine and also phosphate absorption and increases a renal reabsorption of the calcium and phosphorus or the phosphate so and it how this is how it gets back or the serum gets back its calcium and the levels will get back to normal okay so as I said the parathormone and the vitamin D acts come into action come into scene play when there is low calcium level okay but if there is high calcium level then again it has to be back to normal right in that case calcitonin comes into action so calcitonin is being produced by para follicular cells or the clear cells which are present in the follicles of the thyroid gland so these parathormone and the calcitonin actually acts opposite to each other antagonist of each other so if there's high calcium in the body or in the serum then calcitonin comes and their juices it how it reduces its it inhibits a-- or still class mediated bone resorption so it it stops the this option of the bone okay so there will be no desorption of the bone because of where's the serum calcium will be decreased apart from that it promotes renal excretion of calcium it as a kidney to excrete more calcium because of which the serum calcium will come down this is how this both will act opposite to each other the same is in case of phosphate as well so if the question is asked as a short answer then calcium and phosphorus you can combine together and you can write if it is a stir and si answer then you can split and write that is how you have to increase the length of your answer okay so coming to the disease states it's always better to write at least few applied aspects you can write half a hyperparathyroidism okay you can just put that the thyroid hormone is being separated more than normal so if you can write the chief complaint the tried of this complaints it will be very useful that is a bone stones and abdominal groans so this is attractive for any of the examiner's so you have to write and highlight this point apart from that if you can write others it's also good okay if you can write the causes of these hypocalcemia you can write again that was hyperparathyroidism iya so you can write these also so that's coming the hyperparathyroidism so it could be characterized by serum calcium level is below than a normal range and it could be the etiology of surgical removal or diseases of the parathyroid glands or congenital absence of the glands so you can give this mild oral manifestations okay and the diagnostic criteria of the tetiny you can give so hyperparathyroidism is leads to a condition called as tetiny which includes these signs at a swastika sign and the Tosh's sign wherein there is switching of the facial muscles in the SWAT sketch sign and in the trashiest sign there is car pop little spasm when it is the speak no matter puff speak no manometer puff is being used so you can see the car pop little spasm then so you can just if you write these signs and if you can give a line of description that's enough ok and next condition is osteoporosis we know increase adoption of the bone especially in the older age adults and the other condition is called as rickets it's good due to the deficiency of 1 2 or 25 dihydroxy vitamin D so that is again characterized by the calcification of the normal bones as well as formation of imperfectly calcified bone ok so these are the conditions or the disease states related to calcium if you can just name and write at least few lines of description that is enough so actually applied aspects carries on 4 to 5 marks in every question so if it is an essay so it's better to write at least few applied aspects it's again it's in your department again if you can put forward like if it is related to endo endodontics I'll have can put related took the dental caries and if it is related to pareo you can put some other thing which is related to general clear clear fluid or whatever so wherever it is again important in your respective departments if you can put forward those applied aspects even that will be really fetching for you ok again coming to the phosphorus you can give a mild introduction later you can give the sources of the phosphate or phosphorus then coming to the factors affecting you can give these factors which affect the phosphorus or the phosphate absorption so just give this if you can write and if you can just give up one point your answer line answers that's enough later the important functions of the phosphorus phosphorus or phosphate so it's again the phosphate is for the bone and teeth we know that and also for it is important integral part of high energy phosphate compounds at the ATP gtp and or creatine and phosphate and also essential component of nucleotide coenzymes at the NADPH NADP Paradoxal phosphate and also many phospholipids for so proteins nuclei it's all these important functions and also is necessary for absorption and metabolization of carbohydrates okay so again you can give a homeostasis which is maintained by these three that is parathormone the vitamin D and calcium nails so these two the first two at if there is low level of phosphorus or low level of phosphate and if the callistonian acts if there is high level of phosphorus in this serum okay and they counteract that and brings back the serum levels to normal so if you can combine both calcium and phosphorous metabolism it's in it's enough okay and again this is States just put a words like hypophosphatemia and the etiology you can write okay and hypophosphatemia you can write and the oral manifestation so loosening and premature or losing of the teeth and gingivitis and radiographic findings because of hypocalcemic asian there will be hypo calcified teeth and all that things you can write and presence of large chambers pulp chambers and other condition is called as a hypophosphatemia or hyper phosphatase here so this as a deficiency of enzyme alkaline phosphatase that results in excretion of phosphorus and all a mine in urine if you can write it's enough or else it's okay so that's it so you can conclude with that the calcium and phosphorus metabolism is very important for the normal body metabolism or normal body functioning so how does it important why it is important what are the hormones that play important role if you can put lastly in the conclusion what is the main homeostasis that is being occurring for regulating this metabolism of calcium and phosphorus if you can write at the end it's enough so this is that's it so references you can give your biochem textbook a shambling them and also you can give any good textbook like Schaeffer and any articles if you have gone through so that's a student so main thing for calcium and phosphorus you have to write the sources your functions and the homeostasis so heart of the topic is the homeostasis and those three structures are the three sorry the three elements that is parathormone vitamin D and calcium in these three a play a very important role so have to put forward these three points of how they play important role okay if you can put it in a nice flow chart and a nice diagram that will be really fetching that's it students thank