BIO-CHEMISTRY PART 1 II NEET MDS INICET MDS Quick Revision WE ARE WITH YOU

yeah happiness a very good morning happiness this is dr srikant from team mds concur now i'll be discussing biochemistry so it's already discussed many times that biochemistry is one among the list which is rarely or solidly memory based okay so conceptual things will be very very limited so it's more of a memory based and it should be the subject of choice and that should be taken or revised in the last three days for the preparation so hope hope you remember that we have discussed the different types that is the three types of performance and out of which euro is most important they have asked the question like which is the most soluble warfare and that is europe or fire the least is proto the next goes is the synthesis okay the biosynthesis of heme so for basic biosynthesis of heme that is leading to the formation of a l a okay the primary enzyme that can be considered as the enzyme that is required is ala synthetase okay so ala synthesis okay so this is just a combination of glycine plus succinyl coa in the presence of ala synthetase leading to the formation of l a which occurs in the case of your mitochondria the next comes as we are discussing ala alas are of two types that is the type one and type two so just do make a note about the difference where typhoon is present what is the use of typhoon and type 2 the next comes most of you are familiar with this cp case cpk123 these are the three isomers that are present in the cpk cp helps in the conversion of phosphocreatine to creatine cpk1 is present in the case of your brain two is present in the case of your heart and three is present in the case of your skeletal muscle most common regularly asked questions the next goes uh the enzymes in the case of your myocardial infarction that is the first enzyme that you can see in the myocardial infarction is cpk and the last that you can see is ldh you can remember last l for lldh and the other enzyme that you can see is ast or sjot so these are the enzymes these are the three enzymes primarily which you can see apart from this they are something called as troponins these are the markers okay they are cardiac proponents they can be troponin i and troponin t okay so these are comparatively i mean like you can see troponin is first followed by the cpk followed by szot followed by ldh so this is this is one more variation regularly most of your books just just stick on to the first marker is the troponins or uh the next important aspect that they focus is cp case okay regularly so apart from this there is one more thing called as b fabp what is that f a b p called as fabp is nothing but heart type or cardiac type fatty acid binding protein okay this is the one which is seen first which is missing in most of the books this is just an advancement of the question which of the following marker is most commonly seen in the case of myocardial infarction if you don't have the answer troponins it's better if i mean if you have an answer to openness yeah you can go for it but the advanced option is going to be fabp that is fatty acid binding protein you can see this this again this is this is a graph that is regularly asked okay so which are seen first okay if your bb is followed by troponins followed by cpks followed by sgot and last but not the least is ldh so i was talking about ldh so basing upon this electrophoresis uh your your isotopes isotope iso enzymes are going to be divided like basing up on the electrophoresis there is type 1 type 2 type 3 type 4 and type 5 type 5 is the slowest type 1 is the fastest type 1 is most positive okay and type 1 is present in the case of your heart muscle type 5 is present in the case of your skeletal muscle in a normal individual you have more type 2 when compared to that of the type 1. whenever the patient is having cardiac problems there will be drift to the type 1 this is called as flipping you have something called as flipping isotope a flipping isotope of heart is regularly you'll have two more whenever the two is drifted and one is more then is called as flipping and in the case of liver diseases you will have ldh5 as the predominant one and these branchings are important okay which are completely memory based uh i hope like most of this stuff is covered in your pp books just go with this okay so i mean like what what is the branching and everything okay so do make a note about uh what is the branching this is the branching this is these are the branchings okay so please do make another this completely memory waste make a note of these branchings carbides are different divided into simple carbohydrates complex carbohydrates so regularly as what is which is disaccharide okay so these are the disaccharides these are the monosaccharides the next course what is the use of dna helicase enzyme so what is the use of dna helicase enzyme this is an enzyme that unwinds the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary so these are the two complementary things and these complementary things are attached by the hydrogen bonds and dna helicase is enzyme which is going to break this hydrogen bonds there's something called as endonuclease endonuclease is a restricted enzyme which recognizes and cleavages the particular sequence okay in the presence of mg plus two factors that are influencing the enzymes first the important factor is the temperature okay so what is going to be temperature as temperature increases the velocity of the enzyme increases up to an optimum level that is something around like 40 degrees and then decreases this is this is the bell bell shaped curve the next goes is the ph as the ph increases it increases and it drops this is also a bell shape this is also a bell shaped then goes with the classification of enzymes i hope like most of you are familiar with this classification make a note about the order the sequence is very important o t h l i l okay so the sequence is very important they're gonna give you this example and they're gonna ask you what type of reaction or they can give you the examples you can see uh nad oxidase okay you can see cytochrome oxidase you can see d amino acids all this comes under oxidoreductases the next one characteristics of the enzymes enzyme is a protein enzyme is heat level water level and it consisting of 16 percentage of nitrogen so there is something called as term called as q2 q2 is nothing but temperature coefficient of the nj so what does q2 means it is a factor by which the rate of enzyme increases for every 10 degrees increasing the temperature so as we have discussed like as temperature increases the rate of reaction of enzyme increases right so how much time it is increased by increasing 10 degrees how much time it is increased is nothing but q10 and more for most of the engines the q10 value is 2 the next comes is what is v max v max is the maximum velocity and what is km km is the substrate level concentration km is the substrate level concentration at which the velocity is going to be half of the maximum velocity so k m concentration is the substrate concentration to produce the maximum velocity half of the maximum velocity so do make a note of these concepts low km value indicates a strong affinity between the engine and the substrate so to have a strong affinity you should have low km value means low substrate concentration is going to produce the maximum velocity km values are something like a thumb prints of thumb prints of an enzyme km value does not depends upon the concentration of enzymes so these are the points that you have to make you node okay normal reaction is going to be how you are going to have an active site substrate is going to come in bond this is substrate an enzyme complex so once the reaction is done the substrate is going to go off and enzyme is going to be normal so there is something called as competitive inhibitor non-competitive inhibitor competitive inhibitor means your substrate and your inhibitor they have both structurally they're same they're same and they compete for the active site so what is competitive inhibitor there is some computation for the active set that is called as competitive inhibitor the second one is the the non-competitive inhibitor this the substrate and the inhibitor are structurally different and they don't fight for the active sets as they are not competiting for the active sites it is called as non-competitive inhibitor so you have to make a note about the differences of competitive or non-concurrent twitter which is the most commonly asked question please do be perfect with each and every length the concepts regarding these lines but discuss when we are going with the normal classes for now you have to be thorough with this table if you don't have concepts even then mug up this this is mandatory if they are planning to give a question on this area this difference is a very very favorite area for most of the paper centers next coming to the structure of enchant okay hollow enzyme is nothing but the functional group of engine what does it contain it consisting of two parts one is protein part which is called as apoenzyme and the second one is non-protein part which is called as the co-enzyme and the prosthetic group is the group which bonds this protein product to non-protein part so this is called a central dogma of the life that is the dna which is going to i mean undergo transcription leading to the formation of rna which it's going to undergo translation leading to the form of the protein so reverse transcriptase means our dna formed from the rna is called as reverse transcription so i hope most of you are familiar with this what is the difference between the nucleoside and nucleotide and what are the uh i mean like what are the ammonia acids that are present in your uh rna dna what is the difference between here you have your isolate here you have diamond so next comes the double helical structure given by watson and click make you know the nobel prize was given in the year 1962. it's one of the major milestone in the case of your modern biology and uh the futures of watson and clicker basically on on b d and a different types of dna are there so their structure is basically bdna so do make a note they run parallely in a antiparallel direction one from five five to three direction and three from phi two direction okay so do make a node about three point four zero point three nanometers what is this all these very very important so with what is the width what is the what each turn the what is the pitch of each turn of the helix how many base pairs are present in each turn what are the bondings what are the side wise bondings what are the uh what is the bonding between g and c number of hydrogen bonds here uh between a and t number of hydrogen bonds between the g and c all these are very very important this particular rule is again the most common areas most of of of these concepts are very familiar to you so we have discussed many many of these concepts we have done many problem solving on these areas i hope you are and coming to i'm just going to give a brief idea so this is a main chain so they can give you the description of the main chain and they can ask you the complementary chain okay so what's complementary chain is a is going to be replaced by t t is going to be replaced by a g is going to be replaced by c and c is going to be replaced by g so this is what the complement residential is in the in the question they're gonna they can give you the main chain they're gonna ask you the complementary chain followed by so main chain and complementary chain we are done with so next is transcription so what happens in the transcription transcription your rna is going to be formed so what is going to rna so and one more thing uh your main chain is in the direction of 5 is to 3 and your complementary chain will be in the anti parallel it will be in the direction of 3 3 3 5 whereas your once the transcription is done your t's are going to replace by use that is the only thing because that's the difference between the dna and rna so a a t is u replaced by u c c g is g a is a and t is replaced by u and g is replaced by g so this is called as transcription and the mrn sequence is ready so once the mrna sequence is ready so this is a main chain we are done with the complementary chain now your mrna sequence is ready and three gives rise to formation of one ammonia acid right so this is an ammonia acid so they can ask a number of hydrogen bonds so a and t has two hydrogen bonds c and g has three hydrogen bonds by counting the number of hydrogen bonds okay they'll give you that this is x percent x is the amount of energy required to break one hydrogen bond so how much of energy is required to break this double standard dna so by counting the number of hydrogen bonds you'll get the energy levels and glucose 6-phosphate is an important compound that joins many metabolic pathways so what are the metabolic pathways which are linked to the glucose 6 phosphate as these and of course you have many questions on this enzymes recently in the last neet exam that is ast and alt that is asperted ammonium transferase okay so when you compare these ratios you can identify most of the liver diseases if it is less than one then it it's going to be hepatocellular damage if it is more than when it is cirrhosis of the liver if it is more than three it is alcoholic liver disease and coming to i mean like you have you have a question on this area also too in the direct take and from your offline class that is the addition of fluoride okay so what happened to the addition of the fluoride so when the fluoride is added fluoride is going to react to the magnesium to form magnesium fluoride which results in the decreasing of the magnesium available and that is the major ion which is which is required for the activation of analyze engine okay so fluoride is going to inhibit is is is going to inhibit the analyze enzyme which is which is basically uh helps in the process of glycolysis so what happens like what what is the anticoagulant that is added to this uh uh in the in the blood blanks is uh that is potassium oxalate and what is that glycolytic inhibitor you you're going to you should prevent the process of glycolysis so glycolysis can be prevented by adding nf because the f is going to react with the magnesium there and it's going to inhibit the analyze engine and do make a note the cancer cells they divide rapidly and they lack an excessive capillary network for oxygen supply and that glycolysis is the main pathway by which they get the energy supply so glutes are important not as in the last two or three needs but uh uh it's it's a is of like in 2001 to 2015 you have many question every exam has questions on glutes and this is an important table that you have to make a note the next comes are the uh phosphorylation state reactions energy phosphorylation reaction so this is a reaction in tricarboxylic acid cycle or krebs cycle and these are the two reactions in in glycolysis so this is a new modified generation of atp most of you in the recent two or three days were asking so many questions related to the calculations in most of the mcq books this still did not change the updated version but this is the latest thing that is available from your satin arena so please do make a note of these classifications make a note about the old classifications also if you find new classification option go for a new classification option if you don't find new then you can go for a gold because repeats are repeats always okay so if they're giving a repeat over this area you have to go for old okay you have to go for old because if you don't find option which is related to the new then you can go for the old options what is respiratory coefficient so respiratory coefficient is the volume of carbon dioxide produced by the volume of oxygen consumed for unit time so it's going to be six by six and it's going to be one for the carbohydrates what is the difference between the saturated unsaturated fatty acids and most of you are well aware of this so please do make a note and this is a classification that is very very important so they can ask you which of the following is saturated or all of the following or saturated fatty acids except so they can ask even even like the questions related to the like the formulas and everything are being asked in various examinations okay but do make you know at least the classifications okay all these classifications what are saturated what are unsaturated what they smart and everything are important the next comes is the anion gap anyone gap can be defined as the difference between the total number of method cations on one side to the measured area on other side that is giving the anion gap anion gap is nothing but unmeasured anions in the plasma so what's going to be it's going to be 36 plus 4 it's going to be 100 plus 25 so total the anion gap ranges from 8 to 18 milli equivalents per liter so basing upon this anion gap most of your acid-base reactions or the acid-base relationship of the disorders will be there please do make a note about this acid based stuff okay so 2020 neet doesn't have a question on this but it's a very familiar thing that they regularly ask i want you to go to your acid base uh reactions okay uh i mean like we have we have one or two lectures on this one one taken by me and one taken by pradhan sir so i want you guys to go just have a look all the normal values your partial pressure of oxygen carbon dioxide bicarbonate values the many other values that you have to make a note and you have to conclude what is what is this okay so whether it is respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis are all the four options how it is compensated everything so please do make another is very very important so this is next is the catechol catecholamine biosynthesis so this flow chart is very very important in enzymes it starts with phenylalanine in the presence of hydrolyzed enzyme it's going to convert into l-thyroxine and in the presence of again a engine it's going to convert into l dopa in the presence of decarburis it's going to convert into dopamine in the presence of hydrolyzed it's going to convert a non-epinephrine in the place in the presence of methyl transfer is going to convert into epinephrine so all this sequence is important they're going to ask you which engine converts this to that or they can ask you uh the starting product of the ending products many questions were there on this particular area which reaction for example uh recently in one of the examination they have asked what is the type of reaction for converting the l dopa to that of the dopamine the answer is d carboxylase at glycemic index most of you are familiar with this glycemic index so please do read read this is a formula for the glycemic index and do make a note glycemic index of a complex carbohydrate is lower than refined carbohydrate so for a refined carbohydrate you have more glycemic index and these values are very very important so more most refined and simplified carbohydrate is your glucose so glucose will have more glycemic index when compared to that of any of these okay so they can ask you hi how high glycemic index low glycemic index anything can they ask so i hope most of you are familiar with this marple syrup urine what are the what are the ammonia acids that are present in this what are the branched chain thing stuff that are present in this okay so please do we we learned so much related to this many questions in your mock examinations so please do learn and i hope most of you are familiar with this western rotten technique is is to identify the proteins and it is a it's a test of choice for your screening test for your aids okay and southern blotting technique is something like it's for dna you can remember it a south indian dna and north indian rna okay so please do make a note of all these contents i mean most of these contents are well organized and arranged in your pp books which are solidly memory based so yuria cycle most of your questions will move around this area okay so please do make a note the defect and the enzyme involved in it and please do make a note about the lipid storage diseases too glycogen storage diseases they can ask you the type because this is a question that is given in 2018 and 2019 need also very very important area favorite area for questions for the pepper status and of course you're well familiar with what are essential ammonia acids okay this is the curd what are the non-essential amino acids this is a curd do make it out basing up on the metabolism ketogenic ammonia acids ketogenic and glycogenic glycogenic so what are they please do make a note there is something called as semiation shall amino acid that was th that was the question given in the recent need according to few of you okay if you don't find uh the option uh essential then you can go for semi essential and essential okay so please do learn what is what is the why they are called a semiation shell okay what are the other names of essential knowledge please do go through this this table is going to help you out what is what is 21st ammonia acid what is 20 second ammonia acid what are the uses of this to make a note if you think sulfur containing amino acids cmc and acid common assets will have all the acids in it and please do make you know this this aspectic acid is helpful in the root is estimation which is given one of the examination what are basic amino acids what are aromatic amino acids and few functional groups okay which i have given in the mock examinations if i'm not wrong in ironic mock examinations i have given decent number of mcqs on the functional groups including the synopsis so please do check that okay so all these ammonia acid classifications are very very important which should not be skipped what is this dipolar ion ion which has both the positive as well as the negative charge please do go through this what is isoelectric ph it is defined as a ph at the mole molecules exhibit both the positive and negative having a net value zero so this isoelectric ph is ph six so vitamin a deficiency what is the first sign that is seen what is the first symptom that is seen what are biotic spots and you can see how they are clinically many times given and discussed on the group very very important for diagram based stuff okay so please do read this high concentration of retinol increases senses of lysozyme hydroxylase and you can make a note vitamin a excess of vitamin a okay can lead to diseases related to the lysosomes lysosome cell organelle okay hyper i mean two vitamins which can be seen as an hyper vetaminosis is a and d okay so please do make a note about the antioxidant properties antioxidant properties vitamins are a c and e most anti antioxidant properties seen in the case of an e the next comes is the vitamin d what is vitamin d2 what is d3 okay so what are the sources of these vitamins okay these are called as pro vitamins okay vitamin which acts as a hormone is preferably d followed by a even a axis in a hormone according to your shopping better reference so they can give you so regularly uh vitamin which resembles the steroid structure and functions like in a hormone is d and vitamin which can also act as a hormone is vitamin a because of its epithelialization okay so this is a sequence that you have to make you know what happens in skin what happens in liver what happens in kidney so the consequences okay so whenever the plasma uh calcium level is low what happens okay your parathyroid hormone increases calcitrol increases and leading to all these consequences and this is a very important thing about the synthesis of him okay senses of him and how it it undergoes conversion to bilirubin and enters the hepatic circulation and excretes in the feces nowadays your hepatocellular jaundice obstructed jaundice different types of jaundice or all these are the questions which moves around this concept so please do make a note about these vitamin d deficiency metaphysis okay so please do make a note about this uh diagram based stuff okay regardless the spine is seen in the case of okay so what does it actually mean you can see in ct scan then after this is a typical thing that is called a sandwich vertebra okay so please do go with the sandwich vertebra which is seen in the case of osteopetrosis this is also seen in the case of vitamin d rickets yeah i'm done for now signing off dr srikant from team mds conquer and all the best guys make a note biochemistry is important your pp books and your dental pulse synopsis your synopsis and your pp books and dental pulse are mandatory please do have a glance because there is a solidly memory based i don't want you to skip or miss any question in the final exam related to the stuff which is already been done by most of the competitors bye take care